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T II E

WOODS AND MINERALS

OF

NEW BRUNSWICK,

UjaNG A

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE

oi<- riiK

L. W. BAILEY, Ph. D., Prof, ol' NaLuT-al History
P^^ in the University of New BrunsNvick,

trep:s, shrubs, rocks and minerals of
the province, avah^able for

ECONOMIC PURPOSIlS.

rl^]

KPARED FOR USE AT THE CENTENNIAL EXIIIBII rON
<^ AT PHILADELPHIA JN 1876.

BY

AND

^ EDWARD JACK, Esq., C. E., Surveyor of

Scl Crown Lands.

O

^

'::»

FREDERlCrON, N. R,
1876.

,* *

!1

^^"te^at^eDA^^^2HL^ ST.A^, Job Roo^^s, Saint John. N. B.

J

NTRODUCTION,

r-£J:4*^^,:^>-» — - —

In cx[)l:mati()ii of the peeulijir fcaturc.-s niid method of treat-
ment in tlie foHowini;" work, the iiutliors feci it out rii>;ht thut a
few word.s should here be said as to the circuniHtanees in whieh
it ori<^inated. The immediate cause of it.s pre])aration wan a
re.-<olution on the pavt of the New Brunswick Advisory Board
of the Canadian Commission ioi' the Centennial Exliibition at
Philadelphia, that the Province should, among other things, be
represented at that exhibition by a collection of its native
woods, particularly such as are of economic impoi'tance, and the
desirability, if not necessity, which existed that such collection
should bo accompanie 1 by a ])roporly arranged Descriptive
Catalogue. In attempting, however, to ])rej)are such a cata-
logue, the authors could not but be impressed by tUe favorable
opportunity oft'erod of preparing something which should serve
more thi^n a transient jnirpose, and which, by giving full partic-
ulars of the article.3 referrei to, their mode of occurrence, their
abundance, the facilities with wdiich they could be obtained and
other like facts, would thus acquire a permanent value, in as well
us beyond our own limits. This object tho}^ have accordingly
held prominently in view in the preparation of the following
pages, the description of each article referred to beijig as com-
plete as was passible with the very limited time at their dis-
posal. Though noccMsarily compiled in part fi-om ])rc-existing
publications ( among which may be mentioned Perley's Hand-
book of New Brunswick, and especially the admirable Ilej)ort of iilliii^*
.Br. Geo. B. Emerson on the Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts)
the\* have, as far as passible, endeavored to make the woi-k
original, and peculiar in its applications to New Brunswick, the
statements made being in most instances based upon, the per-
sonal observations of the authors, or obtained from the most recent
and reliable sources. In that portion of the work whicli refers
to the Wood i and Shrubs of New Brunswick, special attention
has been giv 3n to such as are employed for shii)-building and

*'

for cxporl, iiioi'C! parlicularly as i-t-o-ards (ho present cost and
lacilitios for tlioir prodticlion, and it is believed that (lie f'aetH
thus (stated, bein/i; })ascd u|)on reliable observations, may be of
much servieo to those interested in these important pursuits.
By eallin^ attention to tlio j)Ossii)ility of a more extended culti-
vation of certain ])lants sueli as now <>;ro\v only spontaneoutd}',
or sui;'i;estinj^ ])()ssihle ap])llc'ations of woods now rcstrieted to
only a few uses, they trust that ettbrts may be tlireeted into
channels which, if intelligently and persistenti}' ])ursued, cannot
fail to be ])rodi!ctive of important results.

J t should be added that the statistics of Mines an<l Minerals
were collected bv one <d' the authors in connection with the Geo-
lo«^ical Survey of Canada, and arc here re])roduced, by the consent
of the Dirciclor of the Survey, from a l{ei)ort addressed to the
latter.

cost and
ll)c fac'tH
lay be of
))ursuits.
led ciilti-
iiiooujsly,
rioted to
led into
I, cannot

\rinorais
the (reo-
! consent
1 to the

TREES AND SHRUBS

OP

NEW BRUNSWICK,

Note. — The onk-r of iirnuic^^'incnt sidoptod in tli" dcsniptiini of tlic follow-
ing plniits is biisi'd 111)011 tli ir i\'hit:oushii) nrconliui;' to the Xatnrul
SyHti-m, and not upon their relative cconomir vain-.

CHAPTER I

DIVISION I.

TLAXTS WITir COVKRKl) ^\':Km~-Ai,:/io>^i>mi><v,

LINDEN FAmiUV--iT//iaceu')

Bass-wood, oh Limk Trek, (Tiliti Amrr/.-thiit-fj.)

Thouiifh rare there are lew nnre striking;- tree^ in the New
Branswiek w.io;U than thi' B;iss-wo;)J, or Aiu;'r:i'.i:i Linden.
AVith a tall straight and somewiial cohinmar trunk, sonietimos
as mucli a-* 8!) ieol in hei.»i:hi, branchin-i* iVeelv, and den-elv
clothed with ricli green foliage, diversitie I in the season i>y it:;
abund'cUii yellowish-green ilower.s, or nat-liki' j'ruit, it can hardly
fail to attract attentioii, anil nuu'ely a-; an oriianiental treci is
well worthy of eultlvalion. Its wo ) I is also of considerable
value, being soft, \vhite, rin I of a tine close grain. It is also
very tough and pliable, and b.'ing le?s liable to split than ollu'r
woods from varying e::treni;*s of teni]ieriilm\'. is here used, in
preference to all^others. lor the making of the curved froiits ot'
sleighs, ])anels of carriages, &('. For similar reasons it is used
by stair-builders for the curve I ends of stairs, and for interior
tinishing. It is readily carved and turned, aiid lui-; sometimes
been em])loyed for the ligure-heads of vessels.

Its inner bark, or ''her, is tough and iibrous and is well adapted
for the manufacture oi' rough ropes antl cords.

CAS H E W F AM I L Y- {Amuaniiacac. )

TiiB Sumach, {Uhm typhi na-L)

This slinib oi* Minall tree, roa;lily distini^uisho 1 l)y it^ ])liinato
leaves and conspicuous scarlet oi* piii'))le fruit, thoui^li not an
a])uiulant troo is yet not iincor-imon, bcini^ mot with, ptii'ticu-
hirly in intervale lands and along the hanks of streams, in
nearly all parts of the Province. It is often cultivated for
ornamental jnirposes, and as borders for tields or gardens. Its
chief economic value is derived from its bark and leaves^ which
are available for tanning. It is abundant in the Xercpis I'cgion,
but rare upon the coa^t.

The Poi.so\ Ivy, {PJnis Toxicodendron- L.)

This species is mentioned hero rather as a plant to bo avoided
than as one worthy of cultivation, its poisonous (jir.ditles being
such as to render it a dangerous neighbr)r to farms or dwellings.
Fortunatel}', although common at some paints, it appears not to
be very widely distributed, specimens having been observe I at
but few localities within tlie Province. It rarely stands alone,
being usually found s])reading over rocks or climbing trees,
being attached by small rootlets in much the same way as the
true or English Ivy. It is rcadil}^ distinguished in autumn \)y
its l)right red leaves.

VINE FAMlLY~{V/fa:erc.)

But one species of Vine grows wild in Xew Brunswick,
namely the Northern Fox (Irapo or ntis Labrasc.a L. It is the
species from which, by cultivation, the much prized Isabella
grape has been derived, but in its wild state, though i^ossossing
a jileasant flavor, it is greatly injured by a tough slcin, and a
large, hard and somewhat acid pulp. Even in this latter form,
however, it may be advantageously employe I in the manufac-
ture of wine, yielding a product possessing an agreable sub-acid
flavor.

THE SOAP-BERRY FAMILY-(Ar//W.?m?.)

The representatives of this family' in Nc.v Brunswick belong
to two aub-orders, of which the flrst {Sapindaceoi proper) is roj)-

•op-

rcsoiited by tlio iiitrodut'od Horso-chestnut, iiiiich prized ns fin
ornanii'iitiil tivo; and the socond (Accrinar) by the differont
species of MtqjJes. The latter only require notice here.

Stiiipp:!) ^Faple, {Arcr Pcnmylvanicum-L.')
Tliis small and slejider tree, often also called Striped Doi;-
wood and Moose-wood, and readily recoi^nized by its lii;-ht ij^reen
bai'k, striped ^vith dark lines, and its larii;e greenish but showy
Iruit, is ([uite common in New Brunswick, i;rowiniij usually in
rich woods, and beneath the shade of taller trees. As si,i;-nitie(!
by one of its njimcs, it ia the favorite food of the Moose, by
whicdi it is often com])letely stripped of its tender bark and
branches. It is little used even as an ornamental tree, though
IKx^sessing considerable beauty, and improving under cultiva-
tion. Ft rarely exceeds a height oi' fifteen or twenty feet.

AFoUNTALN ^LvPi.E, (.bvr spii'dtiim-Lam.)
This is a shrubby sjiecies. rarely attaining the height of a
true tree, an<l is oidy Interesting as sharing in common with the
other majiles considerable beauty in its autuinnal foliage, though
inferior in this respect to the three following species. It usually
grows in clumps, in rocky ])ut somewhat moist situations, and
sometimes reaches a height of fifteen or twenty feet.

WiHTE OR 81LVE11 Maple, (At'cr dasycarpam-Ehr)

This is a somewhat smaller tree than the Eock j\[aple, and
less generally distributed, being apparently wanting in the
northei'u counties, and elsewhere confined to the borders of
streams. It is not uncommon among the ei'eeks and islands of
the St. John river, and is often a tree of eonsiderjible size and
beaut V. J t vields a soft Avhite wood, fine grained and readily
Avorked, but with little strength or durability. It is rarely used
exce])t in the manufacture of agricultural implements.

liET) OR Swa:mp Maple, {Acer ruhrum-L.)

This tree is, among the ma]ik;s, second only to the TJock Maple
in size and in the value of its wood. Though not strictly con-
fined to swani])s, it flourishes best in low wooded swales, and
where there is abundant moisture; attaining, sometimes, under
these circumstances, a height of sixty or seventy feet. It has

8

TUEES AM) SIMUHS

Iteeii obKcrvod in all parts of flio Province, lioiiii^ readily reco*:;-
iii/al»io in Hjn'ini;, In^iu (lie roiUlish or eriinsoii color of its
ivcciil sliools, :{i'.(l ill aiiliiinii Ironi the intense brilliancy ol' its
variegated Ibliaii^e.

"The wood ol" t]i(! Iicd J\[a|)lc is wiiKish. wilh a lint of rose-
color, of a tine and close ii:raiii. coin])a<'t, lirm and smooth, the
silver jt^rain lyin^i; in layers very narrow and close, and the
])ores heiiiLT very small. It is well suited for tiirninn-, and takes
a liiu> polish; is easily- wrouu;lit and serves for a ;;'reat variety
of |»ur|)o.ses. It is nincli used for common l)e<lsteads, tables,
chairs. bu;'«'aiis. and other chcaj) furniture. In Imildini;- it
serves well for Joists, is an exvcllcnt material lor tlooring*, and
iiui}' be nscd for any part not exposed to damjiness. It lasts
well ill the tlat of a ship's tloor. It has sutlicicnt elasticity to
serve to be made into oars, which are almost equal to those of
white ash. Its delects arc want of strenn'th, and its s])ecdy
decay when alternately exposed to moisture and dryness."'

IlocK oil SurjAR Mai'lt-:. {Arrr Saccharinuin-Wit n'j .)

This is the largest and lincst of the Maples as it is the most
valuable in its economic aj)])lications. Though varying greatly
in aspect according to the sjiccial coiifiitions under Avhich it has
grown, it is in all cases a remarkable and Hometimes even a ma-
jestic tree, beautiful alike tor form and foliage, the contour of
the leaf being remarkably gracel"ul. It is partial to rich decj)
:'Md gravelly loams, and, except directly along the sea board, is
a vcr}' common ii])lan(l tree throughout the Province. Its ordin-
ary heii»:ht is about liftvor sixtv t"eet. though risiiiii'. sometimes,
to as nuicli as seventy or eighty.

It is of ra[)id growth and caj)able of ready cultivation, but
when in open ground and unprotected is rather readily over-
thrown and subject to somewhat [)remature decay. '• t'or the pur-
poses of art," saj's Kmcrson^ ''no native wood possesses moi'c beauty'
" or a greater variety of appearance than that of tlie Kock Maple.
'*Jt is hard, clo^e-grained. t^mooth and com])act, and capable of
'" taking and retaining an exquisite polish. The straight-grained
"or common variety has a resemblance to satin wood but is of
'' a deeper coi •. The variety called Curled Hard Maple, which

OK NKW imrNSWlf'K.

<(

u

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is fiiust'd by tlo sinnoiiH course of the tiltrcs. i!;iv('s a c'lian^'i'-
altle surface of altornalo liic^it an<l sliaiU'. cxl)il)itiu<;' an aijrco-
al)lo and strikiiiij plj'.v of colors. Hut ilio niosl romarkalilo
variety is tin- Birds'-ove ^lapfe. Tliis i^t so called from u
contortion of t!u» fibres at i;MVL;;'ilar intervals, throwing; out a
ai'iahle ])oint ot'liu;l»t. and .i^'iviui;* an appearance of a roundish
])!'ojection rising' from Avithin a slii:;lit cavity, and benrinL;' a
"distant ivseniMance to the eve oi' a Mi-d. All the varieties,
" particularly the last, ai'i' nsed in the mainifacture of articles
''of furniture — \va"*(lrohe-, chairs, l.ed-Mteads, bureaus, portable
"desks, frames of pictures, &.(:. The strai^ht-i;raineil vai'iety is
" much used in the maiuiCactui-e of buckels and ttd)s. and is yw-
" fcrable to every other wood for the inakinii' of lasts. Jn luival
"architecture the iloek Maple furnishes the Itest nuiteriid. next
" to white oak. for the keel, and by some ])ersons it is pretei'red
" for that ]Mn'pose."

Jtock Maple ^'rows in ^'reat abundance on the Saint .lohn
Jliver and its branches. Jt is foujid in j^reatesL (|uanlities com-
mencing between Frodericton and Woodstock and extending- to
the Northern boundary line of the I*rovince. Jn the <listrict
North of the Tobi([ue, for ii, 're than forty miles in a straiii:hi
lino, the explorer can travel tiu'ouc^b extremely lertile lands, tlie
growth on which is very largely composed of thi-^ tree, wiliioul
meeting the habitation of man. A large ([uantity of sugar and
.some molasses or treacle is vcarlv ma-le in the months of ^Farch
and April, from the Majile saj) whicli i^^ received ii; ii-oughs.
holes having been bored or cut in the trunks oi* the trees to
■which a snudl spout is attached. The licpiid is ' iled down in
largt^ iron pots to the required thickness and the ■ sugared oil'.
as it is called among sugar Juakers. A vei'^' agreeable candy is
made by pouring the sa]) when boiled to the proper consistency
suddenly on snow. I'liis candy can be made in summer from
the sugar by boiling it down with a little watci' and using ice
instead of snow as a moans of sudden cooling.

The French, of tho County of Madawaska, are the lai'gest
manufacturers of this sugar, and there is but little other used in
that County. In the bright warm A])ril days the earefid obser-
ver may frequently notice tho common squirrel hanging tena-

ciousl^T to some maple twig, oceasioiuill}^ lif'tiiii^ liis head to bark
angriiy at the intruder. Closer ob.servation Avill reveal the lact
that the nohy climber is regaling hinisolf on the delicious nap
which the approach of spring is sending from tlio root to tlio
i)ranche.s of the tree. Many of the Provincial railroads pass
through or near extensive tm-ests of tliis wood,' but, although
small water-power;, abound, no establishments for its inanu-
facture for the various purposes of commerce have, as yet, Ijcen
erected.

An important application of Ma})le v/ootl, es[)ecially of Biids'-
eyo Ma])le, in veneers, has recently been made in the internal
decoration of railway carriages, for wliich it is admirably
adapted. Although, like other Maples, it is deficient in dura-
bilit}' mider ex])osure, it is very strong and romark'ably cohesive.

As fuel its value is unequalled I y that of any other tree in
New Brunswick, and very large (quantities are annually con-
sumed for this pur])Oso.

THE ROSE FAMILY- {A\>s<rcoc.)

The members of this family deserving mention hero, eml)race
a number of trees mostly related to the Plum and Cherry, the
lioses, the Thorns, the Choke Berr}', Mountain Ash and Shad-
bush, together with a number of low Shrubs or Vines, interest-
ing chiefly as a source of edible fi'uit.

Wild Yellow or Ped Plum, (Pnini/s Anicn'rana-Marsh.)

This ])lant, forming a snudl and somewhat thorny tree or
sometimes oidy a high bush, has been emplf)yed as a hod e in
some portions of York County, but has not been observed else-
where. In the Northei-n paris of Xew England it is often
cultivated for its fruit, which is pleasant though somewhat sharj)
and covered with a tough skin. It is said to improve greatly
under culture.

Dwarf CiiERBY, (Fninu>i jnrmila-L.)

This is iibmall depressed and trailing shrub, varying from six
to eighteen inches in height. It is common along tlie sandy
and gravelly banks of the St. John Eiver and its larger ti-ibu-

tai'ios. sucli as tho Kcnnohccasis, ])ut ])0.ssessc!«» no economic
interc'^t.

Wild Ued Ciieiirv, (Pri(n>is Pcnmylcanica-L.')

Tliis is a voiy common wpccios tlirouii'hout tho I'rovincc. It
in a ti'co from twenfy to lliii-ty feet in ijciii^ht, yielding an
abundant but snuill and sourisli fruit. It commonly occurs in
loAV groundH and in rocky woods; also, and especially, in i.cwly
burnt clearings, ft is of too sjnail size to lie of v'alue.

(.'iioKE Cherry, (Fninus Vii'(jini<(na-h.~)

Tliis is a tall shrub i-athor than a tree, deriving its common
appellation Irom the peculiarly astringent and somewhat
dangerous eharactcr of its fruit, especially before tho latter has
com])letely nuilured. It is common along I'iver banks through- |
out the Province.

AViLD Black Cherry, (Primus serotina Ehr.)
This is a larger, but a much less common tree iji New Bruns-
wick, than the other s])ecies oi' Pranu6 previously descril)ed. It
has been ol)served about Fj'edericton and (by Rev. J. Fowler)
on tho Salmon lliver in Kent, but it is in both instances rare,
vdiile near the coast it has been observed in one instance only.
'^Phough found in various situations, it is said to i)refer a dry j
soil, and under i'avorable ciivumstances mav attain a hei<i:lit of
thirty feet or more.

"The wood of the wild Black Cherry is of a light red or fresh
mahogany color, growing darker and richer with age. Tho
mcdidiary rays, or Avhat are comnu)nly called tho silver grain,
are very numerous and more closely arranged than in almost
any other kind of vrood, and when cut by a plane, not quite
parallel to them, exhibit a I.>eautiful appearance. It is very
close-grained; compact, takes a good polish, and, when perfectly
seasoned, is not liable to shrink or war]), it is therefoi'o par-
ticularly suitable and much employed for tt'bles, i-hests of
drawers and other cabinet work, and when polished and varnished
is not loss i)eautifid for such articles than inferior kinds of
mahogany. It is particu.larly valuable for windov sashes, as it
retains a permanently smooth suiface and is bttlo utfected by
t'^e weather. In some ])laces it is used to make tho posts of

m

12

TREES AND SHRUBS

stair-rails and i'ov doors, in wliich it looks extremely well. Cxiin-
stocks and other small artieles are also made of it. The most
beautiful portion, ecmimonly used, is that portion of the trunk
where the bi-anehes be<;in. This part is ol'ton equal to the bet-
ter kinds, of niahogan}'. Jt ^vould be worth the experiment to
manufaeture that part of the trunk wliieh is beneath the surface
of the ground. It might be found as beautiful as the roots of
the biack and 3'ellow birt-h."' — Emerson. '

The fruit of the Black Cherr}' has a ])leasaut vinoua flavor,
though somewhat bitter. It is nuich liked by the birds and it
is suggested that its em])l()yinent along the borders of orchards
Avould thus serve to })rotect more valuable fi-uit. Its juice ma^^
be advantageousl}' used in the flavoring of alcoholic liquids and
extracts.

EN(jj-rsii IIawthorx. (Crata'tjiis O.ri/cant/ui-L.)

This is an introduced species, but has becomo readily natura-
lized in niany ])arts of the Province, being frequently employed
us a hedge, for -which it is admirably adapted, both by its mode
of growth, its thorny character, and the 1)eautv in autumn of
itM scarlet berries.

'Vho wood of this, as of the other species of thorn, is hard,
close grained and heav}'. but diflicult to work and of small size,
and hence but little used except for siuidl articles, such as the
hir.Hlles of tools, tic. Jt is said to receive readily the grafts of
pears and other fruits of it" own family.

Scarlet I-'ruited Tuokx, (Crotayus coccinca-L,)

A showy species, like the last, common in thickets and on
]'ock''- banks, foi-mii.g a low tree. It is sometimes called the
White ThoiT..

Elack oa Pear Thorx, (Crataegus tomcniosn, car. punctata.)

' This ])lant is common alojig the banks of streams in the
central and eastei'n parts of the Province, and is Avell fltted
for hedging, though rarely used. It is usually from eight to
ten feet high, tliough capable of rising to tv.'cnt}' feet. Its fruit
is dull red and yellowish, with whitish dots.

OF NEW BlUNSWICK.

13

(^iioKE Eerry, (Pijrus arhutifolla-L.)

This is u common plant in the Province, not only in the
interior but in 8t. John county, where it is often met with in
the rocky barrens aloni>" the coast. It is here represented l)y its
finest variety, (var. mclumcnrpa) characterized by its smooth-
ness and shinin<>* black fViut, but is a shrub of small size and
little value.

AMERrcAN ^EoL'NTAix Asii, (Pj/rus Amcricana-D C.)

This plant is not uncommon throughout the Province, both
in the wild state and in cultivation, where it is hii^hly prized
for the ornamental character of its scarlet fruit. Tt favours
low, cold and moist ground, but is found in almost all situations,
attaining a height of from fifteon to twenty feet. It oiten re-
ceives the mime of its European relative the llowan-tree, but is
of more slender habit. Its l)erries are bitter ami souri.sh to the
taste, l)ut maybe advantageously employed as a soui-cc of malic
acid. The infusion of the bark is used fret^uently by lumber-
men as a remedy for feverish colds.

3Iay Cherry, Shad Bush or Service Berry, {Anidanchicr
Canadensis. T'or. and Graij.)

This species is i"e))resonted in New Brunswick by three well-
marked varieties, agreeing in the character of their fruit, but
differing both in size and in the eliaracteristics of their ibliage. Of
these the first (var. Botnjapium') is a tree, from ton to thirty
feet in height, ver}' common in dry woods throughout the Prov-
ince; the second (var. ohloiu/ifolia) is smaller and of less fre-
quent occurrence, but stdl not rare, especially in barren land ;
while the third (var. oUgocarpa) is a shrub conf ned mostly to
swamps. They are all moi-e or less ornanuMital, and would
doubtless improve greatly under ctUtivation.

The berry bearing shrubs and vines belonging to this family,
and yielding more or loss edible fruits, are the Strawberry,
(Frayaria vesea L. and 7''. Vtn/lniana Ehr, the latter the com-
mon Strawberry,) the Cloudberry (Ruhus Chamannorm L.); the
Dwarf Ilaspberry, (Eubus tn'florus H.)\ the Wild lied ]iasp-
Ijerry, {IL strigosus Michx.;) tlie common or High Blackberry,
Jl. villosus Ait>); the Low Blacivberry or Dewbcriy, (i?. Cana-

14

TREES AND SHRUBS

densis-L.); and the Riiniiiii<j^ Swamp Blacklwrry, (R. /uspidiiH
Jj.). Of those, by far tlio most abundant as well as the most
valuable are the common sti'awbcrry and the rasjiberry, wliich
abound in all parts of the Province, and especially al)Out newl}-
clearcd settlements. The Cloudberry is much less common, but
is still a choice fruit, and along the coast, wlierc it flourisiios in
peat-bog*s and to which it a])])ears to bo confined, it is liighly
])riziod under the name of Bake-apple by the fishermen and
others, for the nmking of preserves. The fi'uit, both of the
high and low blackberry, is delicious, but they are far less
abundant in New Brunswick than the species first luimed.

Three species of Jtose grow wild in New Brunswick, in ad-
dition to the Sweet Brier, which is common under cultivation.
These are the Swamp Eose, {.Rosa CaroUna-L.)\ the Dwarf Wild
Rose, {Rosa lucldaVAw.)] and the Earl}- Wikl Hose, {Rosa hlanda
Ait.) They are common, espociall}^ the last, in low grounds,
upon intervales and islands, and are valued for their beauty, but
possess no economic interest.

THE CURRANT FAMILY— {Grossu/acea:)

This family embraces onlj- a single genus (Ribcs), of shrubby
plantS; including the Currants and Gooseberries. There are six
8])ecies, the first the Wild or Prickly Gooseberry, (R. Ci/msbati-
L.); the second the Smooth Wild Gooseberry, {R. hirfetlnmMiQhx.)
common in woods throughout the Province ; the Swamp Goose-
berry, {R. lacusirc Poir,) also common ; the Fetid Currant, (R.
prostratuni IjHer,] the Wild Black Currant, (R, flon'diim ;) and
the Red Currant, (R. ruhntm.). The latter is the same as the
Rod Curraiit of the gardens, but smaller than the cultivated
variety.

THE WITCH-HAZEL FAmilJV—{mmamc/acea.)

This is represented b}' a single species only, tlie Witch-Hazel,
(Ilamamelis Virginica-L.) It is a tall shrub, peculiar for its
late blossoming, and has been observed, though not abundantl}-,
in several parts of York, Kings and Kent counties. Its gaudy
yellow flowers, appearing at the same time that the leaves are
falling, making it a conspicuous oriuiment of the autumnal

OP NEAV BIU'NSWICK.

15

woods, and one well worthy of (uUivation. Its Avood is "wliitc,
flexible, and of a tine close texture."

THE DOGWOOD FAMILY— (Connrccts.)

The nieinboi's of this faniilv in Js'ew Brunswick arc the Dwarf
Cornel or Bunch Berry, {Conius Canadensis,) a vine abu)ulant
everywhere, nnd conspicuous alike for its showy blossoms and
scarlet bunch-like, but scarcely edible fruit; tlie Red Osier Doic-
wood, (C stolonifcra Michx. ) also common, and, ]>}' its mode of
propagation through stolons or prostrate stems, often foi-ming
dense clumps; the Panicled Cornel {Cj-anindata IJlTcr,) a branch-
ing shrub from four to eight feet high, but less common than the
foregoing species, aiid the Alternate leaved Cornel, (C altcrnl
folia-Jj). The latter is tlie most common sp<'cies, occurring
abundantly in open woods, and attaining a height of from eiglit
to twenty feet. "The wood of the Cornels is hard and close-
grained, and is used in Europe for cogs in mill Avlieels, and for
other small articles formed by the turner ; and in America as a
substitute for Boxwood"~Kinerson. Our native species are
mostly too small for use except for purposf>.i of ornament.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY— {Cap-ifoUasea-J.

The members of this family in the New Bruns^s'ick flora em-
brace, in addition to the lowly but beautiful and fragrant Twin-
flower (Zinnaea boreaUs Ciro.,) common everywhere, several
species related to the Honeysuckle [e. g. the Fly Honeysuckle
(Loniccra ciliata Muhl,) the 3Iountain Y\y Honeysuckle {L
caerulea L) and the Bush Ilone^ysuckle (Dien'illa tn'Jida,) some-
times employed for hedging,] two sj^ecies of Elder and three of
Viburnum. The Elders are the Common Elder (SamOucus Can-
adensis,) characterized l)y flat flower-clusters, aj^pearing in May,
and by a purplish-black fruit, and the Bed-berried Elder (aS. pu-
bcns Miclix) having convex or pyramidal flower-clusters, appear-
ing earlier than those in the other species, and bright-red ben-ies.
Both are common, especially in rich woods, along the banks of
streams and in open places, and whether in flower or fruit, can
hardly fail to attract attention.

The species of Viburnum are the Witherod ( V. nudum L.,) a

11

K)

TREKS AM) SHRUBS

low sliriil), t'oimiioii in cold swamps, the CVan berry Tree or
lli^h Bush Cnmbcny ( T. Optdus L.) groAvin^ iisuully in fats
aloiitz; river valUys, and the lIoliliU^ Bush or Wayiariiii^ Tree,
comuK*!'! in dark roclcy woods. The first s])eeics, as its name
im]>iieM, is availahk; for niakiuL;- withes, bindinj;" sheaves, &e.,
and is used by tbe Jiidians ibr tying their traps. The Cranberry
Ti'ee or High Eusli Cranljei'ry is a handsome shrub, and is also
vahied i'or its i'ruit, wliich is iai-ge linndsome and with a pleas-
ant flavoi', but greatly int'ei'ior to that of the true ('ranbei-ry.
In its cultivated state, with sterile flowers, it is the ►Snow-ball
Tree, highly pi'ized for ornamental jnn-poses. The Hobble
Bush is familiar to every frequenter of the forest alike for its
handsome and conspicuous flowei's, and for the serious impedi-
ment afforded by its straggling branches and ])rocuml)cnt stems
to any raj»i<l pi-ogress through groves in which it is abundant.
The fruit (called M(^o,>e Bei'ry) when (piite ri])e, has an agree-
able flavor.

HEATH FAMILY -f£ncaaM').

Tills family is represented in ]S"cw Bi'unswick by n consider-
able number of bcriy bearing s])ecies, all of which, however,
arc of small si/.e and valuable chiefly for the fruit wliich they
yield. They are, with a single exception, that of the Black
JEuckleberry, {G(VjU(ssacia rrshiosa Torr. and Oray,) found in
swamps and barrens, and belong to the one genus Vacclnium, of
which the species are as follows : —

Vacc'uiium Oxycoccus-Z. (Small Cranberry.)

iimcrocarpo)), Art. (Common American Cranberry.)
Vltis .Ifhva, Z. (Kock Cranberry.)
itUglnosmn, Z. (Bog Bilberry.)
Pcnnsyhudurinn, Lam, (Dwarf Blueberry.)
Canadctm; Kalm, (Canada Blucbeny.)
Cor(/mbosinn, L. (Common Swamp Blueberry.)
The rock Cranberry grows in great abundance on the rocky
territory which extends from the Magaguadavic to the Saint
John around the shoi'es of the Bay of Fundy. The fruit is
small and of a bright red coloi* and is ii more certain crop than
arc the largei* bog berries.

Thousriiids of bushels jire yearly gathered in the locality
referred to, which tind a ready market in the I'rovincc. ? he
average value is about 31.50 per bushel.

A resident of the Parish of Pennlield, in the Count}' of Chs. •-
lotte, some 3'car.s since obtained 8500 ])er year tor the rent of u
Rock Cranberry barren. He leased the right to pick these
berries to young women in the neighbourhood, who gave him
half of the result of their labour as his shaie of the profits.

All active picker can gather two bushels in a day. They be-
gin to pick them when they are not more than half grown, the
under side being white. After being gathered this colour ra})id-
ly changes to dark red. No Jittcmpt has ever been made at
cultivating this fruit.

The middle section of New Brunswick extending many
miles south, from a line drawn about JST. E. and 8. W., from
Fredericton, the Capital of the Province, embraces the Coal
measures, which not having been subjected to many great dis-
turbances present generallj' a level surface. AVithiu this limit
arc contained many thousands of acres of barren lands and peat
bogs, man}' of which are adjacent to tlie numerous railroads by
Avhich the Province is intersected. ]n this barr*en district, large-
ly Crown lands, numerous lakes andponds occur, around the
shores of which, the Common American Cranberry is found in
abundance. In but one instance, has there been any attem])t
at cultivating this valuable fruit made, which was by 3Iv Tj'cob
Corey.

Mr. S. M. Starkcy of Johnston, Queens County, New ]iruns-
wick, says : " That 3Ir. Corey, about six years since, undertook
''to drain a shallow lake about three quarters of a mile wide,
'• situated on Fork Stream, one of the tributaries of the New
''Canaan Eivcr; around which lake u limited quantity of craii-
"ben'ies had grown. He commenced by deepening the stream
" leading from the lake, at the same time building a dam for the
" purpose of flowing, in order to kill the small shrubs which sur-
" rounded the flat shores of the lake. This dam he shut down in
" the Autumn and raised in the month of June following. To his
"astonishment he found cranberries springing up in great
" abundance. Without any previous instruction Mr. Corey com-

18

TREES AND SHRUBS

"moiu'cd the ciiltivution of the berry, and about three yours
"since gathered, in one autiunii, eight lunulrod bushels."

Mr. Stai-lccy, -who i.s a J)ci)iity (^rown Land Surveyor, further
says that '■ tliero are ]iuni!)erle.ss ]ihiees on iho (/rown Landn of
"New Brunswick much better a(hipted to the cultivation of the
"cranberry than the locution chosen by Mr. Corey."

At a meeting of the New Jersey Cranberry Association, lield
at Ti'enton in the inonth of January, in the present year, (1876j
it was stated that the United States had 15.000 acres in cran-
berry culture, at u cost valuation of $1,375,000, and that the
estimated crop for the year 1875, was 210.000 bushels, being
(55,000 less than in 1873. At this meeting an extract was read
from a late i'arisian ])aper, which was as follows:

"The American cranberry, wliich, in its peculiar qualitios of size, flavor
and color, is (juite unlilvc anj otlior fruit in the world, grows in luxuriant
abundance in its own peculiar soil. It has always been valued by the Ion
vivant, and is now not only a tabic uccesKity in the United States, but the
physicians have discovered that it is invaluable as a remedy for gastric
diseases. It is added to the rations of the soldiers and sailors, as it is the
only anti-s'-')rbuti'j known to materia medica. Last year 270,000 bushels
were sold in th(! city markets of America. This season they are to be
found in almost all of the first class fruit and grocers shops in Paris."

This frui" has Ixjcn found invaluable as a sjjccitic ibr swollen
ei'isypelas when applied in the foi-m of a poultice.

The blueberry is exceedingly abundant, especially on sandy
plains and rocky barrens, such a« occur along the coast and
over much of the area occupied by rocks of the coal measures.
They are frequently gathered m the autumn by the farmers
and dried for winter use, taking the place of the Zante currant
in home-made cake.

The other interesting plants of ihvj order (Ericaceoe) ocur-
ing in Now Brunswick, are the Mayflower, {Epigaea repens)
the much prized and Iwautiful harbinger of spring, the Winter
(freen {Gauitheiia procumbens L.) valuable as the source from
which a favorite flavoring extract is derived, the Lamb-kill
and Laurel, {Kalmia aiu/nsttfolia, L. and K (jlauca Ait.) well
known for their showy blossoms so common in barrens and
swamps, the Khodora, a.ssociatod with the last, and equally con-
spicuous, and the Labrador Tea (Lcdinn lati folium Ait.)

t

OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

10

'iirthcr
iiuls of
of the

THE HOLLY ¥hyi\l.Y.-(A<juifoliame).

The two i'oj)ro.sentative.s of Uuh family in Now Brunswick arc
tlie Black Aklor {Ilex verticillata (iraij) and the Wikl or Moun-
tain IIoll}' (XcniojKtnthcs Cdnade/i'n's.) Both arc shrubs, from six
to ten loot in height, and both are common in low swamjty
woods throuij'-hout the IVovince, being consjVicuous in autumn
for their crimson or bright scarlet berries. Both the bark and
berries of tlie Black Alder are available in medicine foi- the
treatment of intermittent fevers and diseases of the skin.

OLIVE FAMILY (0/eacrri').

The only representative of this fam ^ in New Brunswick is
the genus .Fni.ct'nuri or Ash. of wliicli there arc four species.

WiiiTK Ash, ( Fraxims Americaiia-L.)

This, from its large size, the most important of the Ashes, is
sparsely found in all parts of tlie Province, and upon almost
every variety of soil, though attaining its perfection oidy in
rich loamy woods and in the vicinity of streams, where it can
obtain abundant moisture. Under favorable circumstances it
rises to a height of 50 or 00 feet, with a straight undivided
trunk for 30 feet, and a diameter of nearly two feet. Jt is
usually scattered among other trees, rarely, if ever, forming
groves.

The qualities from which Ash wood derives its value are its

strength, tougliness and elasticity. In consequence of these

properties it is extensively emploj'ed by carriago and sleigh
makers, especially for sliafts and springs, in the manufactui-e of

chair and sofa frames, for agricultural implements such as pitch-
forks and rakes, and for a great variety of smaller articles. For
the manufacture of oars it is preferred to all other woods.

The Red Ash, {Fraxinus puhescem Lam.)
This tree has been observed by Mi\ G. F. Matthew, growing
upon Darling's Island, in the Konnobeccasis river, and ])robably
occurs elsewhere in the Province, but as it nearly resembles
the AVhite Ash, and grows in similar situations, it is probable
that the two have sometimes been confounded. Besides being
a smaller tree than the White Ash, the Red is easily (lis-

tin^uislied by the downy cliaraclcr of its loaves and newer
branches, IVoni which itH specific name is derived. Its wood,
tliou/j^li used ibv similar purposes, is less valual)le than that of
the AVhito Ash.

Black ok Water A sir, {?)-a.vinus samhucifolla Lam.)

This tree is mostly confined to swamps and the mudd}' banks
of rivers.

It is vciy common along the shoves of the St. Jolm and Kcn-
nebeccasis rivers, but is found in its greatest abundance on the
branches of the St. John, above the Grand Falls, especially on
those of the (rrand and Green rivers, the shores of the foi-mcr
being fringed by it for many ndles. From this locality it can be
conveyed by water very cheaply to the G'rand Falls, and when
the New Brunswick railway reaches thai point, from which it is
now distant onh* about twenty miles, no better ])lace in the Prov-
ince can be found for the manufacture of boards from this wood.
It attains a height of forty feet or more, and a diameter of two
feet. It comes into leaf vejy late in the season, and loses its
foliage early.

The wood of the Black Ash, though inferior to the While in
strength and durability, is nevertheless remarkably tough, and
owing to the facility with which, after pounding, it ma^'' be sep-
arated into strips and ribbands, is especially preferred to other
woods l)y the Indians, for the manufacture of baskets, of which
very handsomely ornamented ones are made by the Tobique
Indians. .

It has also been employed for hoops and chair bottoms, and
for bed room furniture, for panelling railway curs, for seats in
churches, and is largely taking the place of other Tvoods in New
Brunswick in the construction of sleighs and pungs. It is when
split diu'able for fencing.

NETTLE FhMl'LY-( Urtkacea').

SUBORDER I. THE ELM FAMILY~(l77nflfa;.)

TuE Elm, (Ulimis Americana-Z.)

Thougb comparatively restricted in its distribution, there ai-e
nevertheless few trees in New Brunswick, which, when the proper

t'oiiditions are accorded, exceed the VAm in the length or vigor
of its growth, certainly none which can eonii)aro with it for
grace and beauty. On tho nplancU it is comparatively I'are,
and even when occurring .'-oldoni attainw to any great size, hut
in river valley^^, and os])ecially along tho rich and level inter-
Vides bordering the St. .John rivei* and its tributaries, it is mntdi
more abundant and often of largo size, its beautiful feathered
and ])lume like trunks serving gi-eatly to enhance tho beaufy
of tho scenery. Trees are occasionally met with girthing
twenty feet.

The wood of the Elm is both strong and clastic, and therefore
well adapted for the making of shi])'s blocks, hubs of carriage-
wheels and k-ndrcd uses, though .said to be iiiferioi* for these
purposes to the English Elm. It is also used in making tho
flats of ship's floors, though difficult to work, the peculiarity of
the grain requiring it to bo planed cross-wise nither than
lengtli-wisc. Its value in Xow Brunswick, liowcver, is almost
solely af^ an oraniental tree, it quite equalling if not excelling
in this respect, its Euro])ean relative. It is readily trans])lant-
ed, hardy when in favorable situations, and of i'apld growth-

iWALNUT FAMlLY-{7^^^/and<7cc-L.)
The Butternut, {Juglans cinerca-L.)

The Butternut is by no moans an al)undant tree in New Bruns-
wick, being mostly confined to tho southern counties and tho
valley of the St. John river, especially above "Woodstock, while it
is absent from tho coast and also, according to Mr. P'owlcr, from
the northern counties of the Province. It is usually met with
in rich moist lands, especially in calcareous districts, and some
of these, such as Butternut Eidgo, in King's Co., have received
their names from its former abundance in their vicinity. It is
rarely met with away from roads or settlements. Although
never a tjill tree, it thrives well under cultivation, and soine-
times attains a height of sixty feet or more.

The wood of the butternut is one adapted for numerous and
various uses. Its rich reddish-yellow color, darkening with
age and then nearly resembling the English Oak, as well tis its

22

TREES AND SIIHUUS

li<^]itnosR, render it very HuitaMo for enbinct work, for vvhlcli it
in also well lulaptod by the rojulinoMs with wliicli it will roccivo
puint or viirnisl), and the fact that it is not readily split by
nails. For a like reason it maybe advantageously employed for
carriage making and similar uses, being at the same time both
light and durable. It is especially well fitted for i)urp)ses of
interioi* decoration, and has thus been emi)loyed with excellent
etfect, both in the Cathedral in Fredericton, and in other
churches through tlie Province.

Of minor uses, the employment of the bark and nut-shells
in dyeing may bo mentioned, as well as that of the young half-
grown nuts for the making of pickles. The bai-k is also said
to yield an extract possessed of mildly purgative properties.

OAK FAMILY '{Cuj>uh/er-L. J

The representatives of this family in tlio New Bi'unswick
sylva ai"e; (1.) The lied Oak {Quercus rubra Z.,) the American
Beech {Fajifs femujinca Ait.,) the Beaked Hazel-nut {Corylus
rostrata Ait..) the American Hornbeam {Cnrpinus Americana
Mich.,) and the American Hop Hornbeam {Ostrya Virgi ni.cn
Witld.,) to wliich may be added, as introducai at a few points,
the Chestnut {Castanea vesca L.)

1. The Red Oak {QuercMs i-uhra L.)

This, the only species of Oak occm'ring in New Brunswick,
is lx)th common and widely distributed, being met with in all
parts of the Province, especially along the banks of streams, and,
as in Charlotte Co , along ridges of slaty rocks. It is, however,
1 tree of inferior value, it being difficult to season, imperfectly
combustible, and, unlike other spocies of the same genus, worth-
loss for the purposes of the tanner. It is, however, of rapid
growth, flourishes readily in almost all situations, and owing to
the beauty of its tnmk and foliage is well adapted for orna-
mental pui-posos.

To the above varieties may be added th© occasional occurrence
of the White and Grey Oak in special localities. They are,
however, so rare as to require no special mention..

OV n'KW IJRUNSWICK.

2:1

2. American .liKKcii {Foijus frrnif/inca. Ait.)

Th/ce (liflcrent kinds of lieuili, vi/: the ('oininoii Hi'ccli, tlu*
AVhite IJoech and liic itod Bcoch, urodistinmiisliod by liiniboivrs
and othons. Tijoy aro, liowovor, pi-ohubly all vai-iotiivs of a
Hin;rlc S|)0cic3 — the White or American ]5oecl», *!ie dillcronces
dependiri/^, according to Knierson, Hiin])ly upon ihe greater or
lo?s ra[)idit3' of maturation, and the consoqiient ditl'erent pro-
l)ortion of tlie (wlnle) sap wood or (red) heart wood. In one or
the other of its forms it is an ahiiiuhmL tree throiiLrhoiit tlie
Province, except upon tlio Southern coast, ai)ounding especially
ujwn ridges of fcldspathic rocks, and in rich nioderately moist
soils. It is a tree of rapid growth, increasing its diameter under
favorable circumstances as much as two-lhirds of an inch in a
single year,'!" and attaining, sometimes, a lieight of not less than
seventy feet.

The IJeech is extensively employed for pui'])()ses of fuel, lieing
indeed, for that pur])0se^ second oidy to the Ilock Ma])le. The
wood is "ha"d, of a fine smooth close grain, and very dense,
having a specific gravity of .72-1" (lOmcrson.) It is durable
when kept dry, and also when permanentl}' wet, as in the bot-
tom of vessels, but decays rapidly when subjected to altormitions
of these conditions. It has been found well adapted for the
manufacture of saw-^andlcs, shoe-lasts, plane-stoclcs, &c., as well
as for chair-posts and farm utensils. From its ashes large
quantities of alkali are obtained for the manufacture of soap. Its
nuts are oily and nutritious, and afford a large portion of the
noiu'ishment of various wild animals, including the bear, part-
ridge and squirrel. Young Beeches properly arrange<l, and by
grafting made to grow together, are said to make vovy solid and
elegant hedges, but have the disatlvantage of checking the
growth of other plants near or under them. The Beech is siiid
never to be stnick by lightning.

3. Thi Beakid Hazel {Corylus rostrafa^Ait.)

This Is but a small shrub, two to five feet high, rather common
in all parts of the Province, in fields and along the banks of
streams, but of little or no economical interest. Its fruit is in-

•Emereon.

I

I

J

ferioi", both in nm^ and quality, to that oC the true hazel or filbert.
4. Tn?; Chestnut {Castanca vesca, L.)
This tree, ho hijj^bly prized in somewhat more Southern lati-
tudes aliI:o at? an ornament and for its abundant and a<;rceable
I'nut, can hardly bo said fairly to have a place among the trees
of New Brun^-.wir-k. None are met with in a wild state, and
though a few hr o been introduced from time to time, th(>'y do
not apjiear to thrive, an<l are rarely seen.

5. The Hornbeam {Carpinus Americana, Mtchx.)

This tree, though by no means an abundant one, is occasion-
ally met with in the Xew Brunswick woods, especially in the
centi-al and southern countie.-', along the banks of streams. It
is never a largo tree, and derives its interest chiefly from the
hai'dness of its whitish wood, which has lesl it to receive the name
ol' Iron-wood, a designation which it shares with the closely
related species the Hop Hornbeam. It is a tree of considerable
beauty and well ^^•orthy of cultivation.

6. The American Hop Hornbeam (Ostrya Virglnica, Willd.)

This tree, readily <listinguished from the preceding by the
ho])-like fruit iVom which its name is deri.ed, is, like the latter,
comj)2n Jitivcly rare in New Brunswick, though apparently dis-
tributed over its entire area. It is generally met with in rich
woods, attaining a height of from twenty to thirty I'eet. Like
the preceding s])ecies, with which it shares the name of Iron-
wood, it is remarkable for its toughness and compactness, adapt-
ing it for the manufacture of levers and similar uses, whence it
is also often called Lever Wood. It is also employed for the cogs
of mill-wheels and for agricultural imjilcments.

THE BIRCH FAMILY [Beiulacae.]

The members of this family embrace, 'n New Brunswick, five
species of true Birch, and two of Alder.

1. American White Birch (Betula alba-var. popuh'foUa-Spach.)

The White Birch, or Little Gray Birch as it is also sometimes
called, is a very common tree in Now Brunswick, especially
near the coast and upon the poorer class of soils, such as occur

over oxtensive tracts occupied by the rocks of the coal-measures.
It is usually met with iu large groves associated with spruce,
pine or other soft-wood trees, and under favorable circumstances,
attains a height of from thii-ty to forty ihct. Its chief value is
for fuel, though inferior even in this respect to most of the other
deciduous trees.

2. The Paper Birch {Betula jiapyracea-Ait.)

The Pajier Birch, liice the White Birch which it nearly rescm- 1
bles, is found in all parts of Xew BrunsAvick, but usually Ii. soils
somewhat more fertile than those covered l)y its relati\'e. It is
said especially to favor gravelly soils and the slopes and bot-
toms of valleys covered with large and moss grown rocks.

It is also a larger tree than Vaa White Birch, having sometimes
a height of seventy or eighty feet, the lower :^ixty without
branches, and a diameter of two feet. It is easily distinguished
by its tough and separable bark, this being the material still
largely employed by the native races in the manufacture of their
canoes. The wood of the canoo or Paper Birch is fine and
glossy, soft, and of a handsome colo]% but possessed of little
durability or strength, decaying rapidly under alternations of
dryness and moisture. It is therefore rarely used excejit for
indoor woric and for such articles as «ire to be kept permanently
dry. It answers moderately well for fuel and is said to yield an
excellent charcoal.

3. The Yellow Birch, {Betula cxcclsa-Alt.)

This is one of the larger, and therefore, more valualjle of the
Bircnes, its straight and nearly uniform trunk attaining at
times a height of seventy, and a diameter of two or more feet.
It is a very common tree in New Brunswick, growing usually
on rich, soft and moist lands, in company with spruce and ash,
and besides being extensively employed ibr many domestic uses,
and for ship-building, forms with the Black Birch an important
article of export. Its wood, which is close grained and durable,
though lacking in strength, is said to be somewhat inferior to
the latter, but not sufficiently so to cause any difference in their
relative price, the two being sold indiscriminately. Besides its
emjjloyment in ship-building, it has been advantageously cm-

26

TREES AND SHRUBS

I

ployed in cabinet work, chair-making and similar uses, being
readily bent, as well as susceptible of a high polish, and deriving
additional beauty from the peculiarly irregular and variegated
disposition of tho grain. The young saplings make excellent
hoops of casks, while the bark finds an important application
in dyeing. It is readily combustible and is v '.lued as fael.

4. Cherry Birch, Sweet or Black Bircii, (Bctula lenta-L.)

This, the handsomest as it is the most valuable of the Birches,
is found in all parts of New Brunswick, flourishing in nearly
the same situations as its relative, the Yellow Birch, and attain-
ing about the same proportions. It is especially common on
the deep and shady banks of rivers, and on gravelly ridges
along the shores of the Bay of Fundy.

The principal use of the Black Birch is for the manufacture
of square timber for export and in ship-building, especially for
the keel, lower timbers and planks of vessels, its most im-
portant characteristic being its durability when kept permanent-
ly wet. Being of a fine and close grain, readily capable of
being polished, as well as possessing a rich color, somewhat re-
sembling mahogany, it is also largely used for chair and cabinet
work. It i(i employed by the carriage makers for panels, and by
the shoe-makers for lasts. Finally it is an excellent fuel, rank-
ing in this respect, second only to the rock-maple. Its bark is
used by the tanners.

5. Low Birch, (Betula pumila-L.')

This plant, a low shrub from two to eight feet liigh, has been
observed by Eev. James Fowler, growing in a bog near King-
ston, Kent County, and probably occurs elsewhere in the Prov-
ince, but is without economic interest.

Swamp Alder, (Alnus incana Willd.)

Wh<5n dry makes good firewood, and gives an excellent char-

THE WILLOW FAMILY (Sa/icacae.)

This fiimily is represented in Now Brunswick by at least ten
different species of Willows, two Aspens and as many Poplars.

tM«toii.ii.i:iTi3miTiuriiTiiJiimrrTF;— r-TTLTi r~i'nTiii i' ,,:—'• ■.,■-.

The species of true Willow at present known to occur are Jis
follows :

Low Bush Willow, (Sdliv hwnilis, Marshall,) on road-sides rear

Bass Eivor, Kent,
(rlaucous Willow, (*S'. diacolor, Muhl,) bank's of streams, Kent

and Westmoreland.
Petioled Willow, [S. ]}etiolaris, Smith.) swamps near Jlichibucto,

(Eev. J. Fowler.)
Basket Osier, (S. viminalis-L.) introduced in various places.

Long-beaked Willow, {S. ros.trata Rich,) l)ordcrs of swamps,

common.
White Willow, (*S'. alha,) common about Fredei-icton, introduced.

Black do. {S. nigra, Marshall) Xapan, Miramichi.

Shining do. {S. lucida, Muhl,) railier common.

Stalk-fruited Willow, (>S'. iiedicellaris Pursh,) swamps, Kent
County.

Besides these there are a number of species as yet undeterm-
ined. Of those above enumerated, the first three and the last
are shrubs, the others mosth' low trees, only one, the White
Willow, an introduced species, exceeding twenty-five feet. All
possess considerable beauty, as well from their foliage as their
showy fruit, and growing as they mostly do along the banks of
streams, are with the alders an invalual)le means of protecting
the latter against the destructive effects of freshets.

The wood of the Willows has, in other countries, many and
important applications, cspeciail}'- in basket-making, for which
their lightness, toughness and pliancy render them well adapted,
but little use has as yet been made of those occurring here.

The Aspens and Poplars are all species of a single genus,
(Populus.) Of these the most common in the wild state is the
American Aspen, (P. tremuloides, Mickv,) a small but graceful
tree, from twenty to forty feet high. A second species, the
large-toothed Aspen (P. graiuUdentata, Michx,) is somewhat larger
but less common. The wood of both is light and answers well
for fuel, but has little durability, and therefore few economic
applications. The Balsam Poplar (P. balsamifera) is rare in th ^
wild state, but with its variety the Balm of Gilead {var. candi-

28

TREES AND SHRUBS

cans) is not frequently cultivated for ornp.nicntul pur])oses. The
Lombardy Poj)lar (P. dilatata, Ait.) has also Leen introduced
for a similar purpose, and sometimes ai")])ears to thrive well,
though often the early blighting of the branches gives to the
tree a ragged, unsightly appearance.

DIVISION II.

PLANTS WITH NAKED HEEDS— (Gi/mnospcrma'.)

FAMILY L PINE FAMILY {Conlfaai.)

SECTION L

The Pine and Fir Tribe — (Ahletinoi).

The representatives of this tribe in New Brunswick are, (1)
The "WHiite Pine ; (2) The l?ed or Norway Pine ; (3) The Cray or
Northern Pine; (4) The Hemlock Spruce; (5) The White or
Single Spruce ; (G) The .Black or Double Spruce ; (7) The Balsam
Fir; and (8) The American or Black Birch, Tamarack, Ilack-
matac or Juniper.

L The White Pine — {Pimis strohus-L.)

The White Pine is one of the largest, tallest and most stately
trees in the New Brunswick foi-est, many of the older trees rising
in a single straight but ta])ering column to a height of 80 feet or
more, in rare instances to o\'cr 120 feet.

The several varieties distinguished locally as '• Pumpkin
Pine," " Sapling Pine," and " Bull Sapling," owe their origin
to a slight difference in the color, texture and specific gravity of
the wood, dependant upon corresponding difl'orences in the con-
dition of their growth. The first named is found standing most
thickly near the shores of streams, or on hill sides fronting on
lakes or streams, but seldom extending back from such streams
or lakes, in any quantity, further than half or three quartei's of
a mile.

When found in the forest distant from streams or lakes, the
Pumpkin Pine as well as the Bull Sapling occm* in small
groups or bunches or in pairs or solitary, a very considerable dis-
tance often intervening between groups or individuals.

OP NEW BRUNSWICK.

29

Soinctinio8 a sing') tree may bo seen towering to tlie most
extreme height of its species on some rocky and elevated hill, in
jilaces so difficult of access that the lumljcrincn, after felling
them, either sluice them from their place of growth to where
they can be more conveniently managed, or remove them with
the aid of ropes and blocks, either Avith or without the assist-
anco of horses and sleds. The soundest and best Puin]>kin and
Bull Sapling Fine are found growing scattering on high Ir.nd,
very frequently surroimded by forests of hardwood. Such as gi'ow
in low and swampy land arc very subject to siiak'cs and concave
knots. These varieties of ])ir.e of large size have become very
scarce in the Province of New Urunswick, so much so that the
lumbermen often cut roads half a mile or more in length to
reach a choice tree. >TcarIy all the Sa])ling Pines of Xew
Brunswick arc found growing on the dry and sandy soil of the
coal measures, covering the low ridges, and surrounding the
heaths and bogs which abound on the sui'facc of this formation.

The great fire of Miramichi, in the year 1825, and the Saxb}-
gale which happened a few years ago, have done mimy millions
of dollars damage to the pine lands of New Brunswick, and
the day is not xevy far distant when pine trees of any size will
be obtained with difficulty in the Province,

2, The Eed or Norway Pixe, (Pinus rcsmosa, Ait.)

" The Eed or XorA\ ay Pine has an erecl, trunk, taller and
more slender than that of the Pitch Pine, which it most nearly
resembles. The bark, which is much less rough, is in rather
broful scales of a reddish color. The long leaves are in twos,
an<l the cones are free from the bi'istling, rigid, sharp i;)oints,
which distinguish those of the Pitch Pine, It may also be distin-
guished at a distance by the greater size and length of the term-
inal brushes of leaves." — Emerson.

Lumbermen are acquainted with two varieties of this tree,
whi( h they denominate by the names of the Sapling and Old
Eed Pine. The former is an inferior wood, generally having
those nicnes of sap which rot very quickly on exposure to the
weather. It has heen largely used in the state of Maine for hogs-
head heading, for which purpose it answers very well. Tho

30

TREES AND SHRUBS

If.

01(1 Red Pine, which is now nearly extinct in New Brunswick,
Honietinies attains the height of 90 feet, and a diameter of three
feet or more, the trunk being nearly uniform and without
branches for a height of lorty or iifty feet or more. The wood is
strong and durable, resembling that of Pitch Pine, but with less
resin, and was formerly largely employed like the latter for the
decking of vessels and lor beams. It has a fine compact grain
with few knots. It grows as a scattering tree on dry and sandy
soil, some of the best trees which were ever obtiiincd in New
Brunswick, having been cut on the granite boulder district, Avhich
crosses the New Brunswick and Canada railway, about fifty
miles from St. Andrews. The Tobique river, however, was the
great nursery of the Old Red Pine, especially that branch of it
which is called thcAVapsk^'hegan, it being here so abundant and
the trees standing so close together that there Avas hardly room
left to turn a sled between the stumps. The axe and fire have,
however, completely removed them from this locality.

3. Gray or Northern Scrub Pine, {Pimis Banksiana-L.)

This ti'ce is readily distinguinhed from the other species of
Pine by its comparativly scrubby growth, as well as by the color
and appearance of the peculiar scales by which the trunk is
surj'ounded, as well as by the pendant cones which hang under
the branches, as its name denotes it is a tree of inferior growth,
timber made from it in former times when it was tolerably
abundant, was considered good if it averaged '^ of a ton to the
tree. The wood is very hard, full of pitch and fi-ee from sap,
but is apt to be full of streaks. It has been a good deal used for
railway ties, small trees fit for such purpose being yet abundant
in the Province.

Certain sections of country on the South West Miramichi
which were destroyed by the great fire of 1825, have since be-
come covered so thickly by forests of Banks' Pine that it is
almost impossible to press one's way througli them. This tree
grows very extensively on the desolate mountains ot' the Little
South West Miramichi.

4. The Hemlock Spruce or Hemlock. {Abies Canadensis, Michaux.)
The Ilendock Spruce or Hemlock as it is often more simply

I

tcrmod, is ono of the most abundant of our evergreen trees,
being found on almost every variety of soil. It is also when in
perfection a very beautiful tree, but as age H<lvances owing to
the death or breaking off of the lower lin^.bs is apt to assume
the appearance of premature decay. Under favorable circum-
stances it reaches a height of 70 or 80 feet and a circumference
of from 6 to 0 feet, the latter as ii) others of the family being
nearly uniform until the branches arc reached. There arc two
varieties of this tree known to woodsmen, the Sapling or White
Hemlock, and the rough bark or Black Hemlock. The latter,
owing probably to its large and heavy to]), is very subject to
shakes, rendering the boards sawn from the lower log nearly
worthless. The wood of the Sapling or White Hemlock, with
the exception of a small piece near the butt, is a sound and firm
wood, lasting well. Brth varieties however, are wanting in
strength, and owing to the comparative absence of resin unable
to bear the alternations of drought and moisture. When not
exposed to the atmosphere it is very durable, being largely em-
ployed as a substitute for other woods in the exterior constric-
tion of dwellings and out-buiidings, as well as for framing
purposes.

It is of much more frequent occurrence in the southern or
middle districts of New Brunswick than in the north, being a
rare wood north of the Grand Falls of the St. John. It occurs
in belts and bodies, in certain localities the laws regulating its
place of growth not being understood. It is very subject to the
action of fire, and disappears rapidly from the neighbourhood
of settlements. It was formerly very abundant on the lower
portion of the Nashwaak, while it is but i-arely found above the
Narrows, forty miles from the mouth. It is abundant on the
Intercolonial railroad north of Moncton, where there are exten-
sive tracts of vacant Crown lands, and a large business in the
transportation of its bark, was last sejison, commenced on that
road. This article, in that locality will increase much in value,
owing to the facilities of transport to a ]K)rt of shipment. The
tree is peeled early in the summer, and the bark hauled imme-
diately to the road, and can bo exported during tlie same season.

A large belt of Hemlock also crosses the St. John river and

Hi

«•

:

New RniTiswick railway, 30 or 40 miles above Fredcrictoii. In
the granite formation, the wood here is espcelall}^ good, owing
])ci-hapH to the diwintegration of jjotash from the decomposition
of the feldspar contained in the granite by the action of time,
frost and moisture.

The wood of the Ilemlock: shrinks but little, and is impervious
to the attacks of rats, so tliat it is now being much used in the
construction of granaries. The white variety forms excellent
planking for side walks, both varieties are largely used in the
Provinces for wharf building.

5 The White oh Single Spiilx'e, (Abies alba, MichmLv.)

This tree is larger and morc^ slender than the black Spruce,
being distinguished fi-om the latter, as its name implies, by the
lighter color of its bark and leaves.

On the Eestigouche, Upper St. John and many otlier places,
it grows to a great height with but little tapei-. Mr. J. A.
McC-alhim, Deputy Surveyor, in 1873, had a tree cut down on
the former stream above the Quatamkedguick which made a log
measureing 14 inches at the butt, 10 inches at the top, and was
G4 feet long. They have been cut 80 feet long, measuring 25
inches in diameter at the butt, and 18 inches at the top.

White Spruce ai-e found in valleys, growing to a very large
size, skirting streams, and in small bunches on the sides and
tops of hills. The yield of White Spruce land will not compare
with that of the Elaclc, as the former tree is much more scat-
tering in its growth than the latter.

The wood of the White Spruce is white and soft, and generally
free from knots. Its specific gravity is less than that of the Black
Spruce to whicli it is much inferior in strength, and exhibits
much less elasticity. The Spruce deal shipped from theaSTepisi-
guit and Kestigouche rivers are nearly all manufactured from
the wood of this ti-ec.

The Black Spruce, (Abies nigra, MichauxJ)

As an article of export, this is the most valuable of all the
trees of New Brunswick. The vast forests of Black Spruce
which once covered the Province have been reduced by fire and
cutting to less than one third of their (original extent.

i-_ .

TluH tree was Ibiind in ^I'eatest abundaiieo in tlie southern
|)art of New Brunswick. A line drawn from the first V.A Iliver
lake, extending nortli-oastcrly to the dividing ridge between
the little South West Miranilebi and thv Xepisiguit, is al)out the
boundary of the great l^la(tk Si)ruL'e lands of the Province. South
of this line vast forests of it extended from the Schtxxlic, cross-
ing the Nashwaak and Moiith west Mirainichi, thence to the
north west branch of the last nanicxl river, where it ended.
North of this line the growth of wcxxl is more generally hard-
wood, largely mingled with firs. Sucli Spruce as occur along the
shores of streams or scatterimg on the hills sides are principally
of the white variety.

Black Spruce is (jommonly found growing in thickest bodies
around lakes or about the base and Hides of ridge.s whose sum-
mits are covered by hardwxKls, the Spruce thinning out as the
elevation increases. liike the White Pine it attain.s its greatest
size and altitude when gr<;wing among surrounding hani-woods.
The distinguishing properties of the ^v(K)d are sti'ongth, light-
ness and elasticity. That found on the shores of the Bay of Fundy
is remarkable for its toughness and durabilitv, and is thou£rht
by many to be nearly equal for the purposes of ship-building to
HackmatJic. Tt furnishes as fine yai-ds and top nuiats as any in
the World, and foi' tliis ])urpose it has l>een long and extensively
used.

Heretoibre the snudlei- trees have been largely exjwrtod from
the heaxl of the liav of Fundv in the round log, to In? used as
piles for wharf building. The principal root and the lower jart
of the trunk are extensively used for the purj)OKeHof shi|vbuild-
ing, constituting kne<>s and fxjt hcoks.

By means of t. c .small fibrous roots, the Indians of Maine and
New Brunswi<'k sew together the pie<'es of birch-bai-k which
form the exterior covering of their 'CancKH.

Very su{>erior cla)>lx)ards are mado from the clear butts of
these trees. The wo<xl of those having straight soJims from the
butt almost to the branches is generally the hodi for this
purpose when such seam or rift is straight. In many localitios
Black Spruces arc verv soam v. This occurs sometimes on the low
lands but oftcner on the ri(iges, and is probabU' caused I)y the

34

TREES AND SHRUBS

4

joint oficct of wind and frost. A cheap variety of shini^los is
obtained from small tree.s. Their great value, however, U) New
JJriin.swiek, arises from their furnishing the muj(jr part of the
deals and hatten.s, which are annuall}* exi)!)rted thence to lireat
]h'i(ain and other countries.

The manufacture oi' Spruce deals commenced in New Bruns-
wicic in 1819, and has since been steadily increasing. The
amount exported from the port of 8t. John in 1874, was 220.
807.110, and in 1875, 175.908.030 superlicial feet.

8. The American or Black .f/AR(;H or irAcicMATAo,
(Larix Americana, Miclu.)

The American or Black Larch, called by the bVench Canadians
JOpinetle llouge, by the descendants of the Dutch the Tamarack',
but among the English more commonly by its Indian name of
llackmatac, is one of the most valuable trees of the New Bruns-
wick forest. Its favorite place of gi'o'wth and where it usually
attains its u-reatcst size is on or near the banks of some slug<i:isli
brook, growing es])cclally well among that variety of wild grass
known as" blue joint." Jt generally surrounds the barren boggy
heaths which al,'0!nul in the middle section of New Brunswiclv,
those trees growing on the bogs being very stunted au'l small,
while those just on the edges of the heath attain a large size,
and frequently aiford good roots for ship-building purposes.
The roots of those found on intervale land are, however, generally
sounder and hirger, though the trees are not so abundant. Many
of the finest and lai'gest Tamarticks have been found growing
out of old beaver dams, and these industrious animals may claim
tlie honor of having ])ropared the soil for tlie growth of some
of our finest Tamaracks.

"Wliero this tree does not have a moist soil, its growth is very
scanty and small. It is capable of ready propagation. By the arti-
ficial pkmting of the tree, a period of seventy j'ears would yield
timber fit for all the ordinary purposes of ship-building. In
certain parts of Great Britain the Larch is planted for hop poles.
In eight or nine yeai-s these are cut, bundled up and sold for
that purpose, while the roots are pulled up and dried for kind-
ling.

ft
( 4i

lOrl is

New
' tho
1 1'cat

I'tins-
Tho
220.

ditins
.rac-lv,
mo of
»runs-
uuilly
ii;ji;ish
grass

wick,

uall,

size,

loses.

rally

Many

nviiig

claim

some

very
; arti-
yicld
In
poles.
Id for
kind-

=aB

OP NEW urunswick.

35

Tho wood of the Larch, which is very resinous and compact,
is rcmarkalilv durable. It has been said to he more iastliiij: in
8hi])S timbers than that of Oak. There arc two varieties known
among Vs'oods-men, the White and the Yellow, the former being
much inferior to the latter in strength and durability.

Tamarack is largely used in ship-building tor timbers, knees,
beams, etc., of ships. It has been so well sought after in Now
Brunswick that large roots and timber have become vorv scarce,
and cannot bo ol)tained unless at very considerable expense.

In tho Cou?it3' of Aroostook, in the State of Maine, trees of
Ilackmatac have been ol)tained from which have been made
four tons of timber. As tho Now Brunswick railway has l)een
completed to Fort Fairtield, above the Aroostook Falls, an ex-
cellent means of transit is opened up for the largo roots and
timbers of that (bounty.

As regards the growth of Tamai-ack, the lumbei'men make
tho remark, that in almost oveiy place where you tind a very
largo Tamarack', a[)parcntly growing alone, by searching a few
rods on either side you will tind a companion of nearly similar
proportion'^. Ilackmatac planks are well adapted for tloor
boards and door steps, from their extreme hartlness, and an
infusion of tho boughs and bark furnishes a good alterative i'ov
horses.

The Balsam Fir, (AOles hidsamca, Jlarsludl.)

This tree, also known as the Fir Balsam, the Silver Fii", or
yet more simply as tho Fir, is a common tree in New Bruns-
wick, being found in nearly all localities, l)ut in greatest abund-
ance and most compact bodies on the head waters of tho St.
John and Restigouche rivers.

It is a tree of rapid growth and very hardy, but is short lived
and rarely attains a large size. Its beautifully symmetrical
pyramidal shape, rich dark-green foliage, and con.-ipicuous cones
must always make it a valuable tree for ornamental purposes,
at least when young, but otherwise it posseses little interest,
the wood being not oidy small but wanting in hardness, strength
and elasticity. As indicated by its name, it Is rich in resin, or
rather in turpentine, which is contained in small vesicles or turn-

oi'H fovcrinfj th(! trunk uiul limbs. Thiw i« iiHimlly known by the
name of Cunmhi biilsani, and is employed in nuHlicine for ])ul-
monary CH.)m plaints, and in the arts for the inannfactuj'o of var-
nish.

HKCTION II.

The Cvi'iiEss Tribe — (Cupressfna:)

The only representatives of this section in New Brunswick,
fmarke<l by having a /i^lobular or iiTogular heml, inateml of a
true cone tor fruit,) are the White Cedar or Arbor Vita?, the Hed
Cedar and the Juni])er.

The American Arbor Vit/"e. (Thuja onridentafis-L.)

Tnis tree, often but improperly called the White (V-dar, Ih
abundant in Now Jirunswick.

It is met with everywhere in low grounds and swalw, but
e.spocially where the soil i.s clayey and the drainage imperfect.
The largest and be.st trees occur intermingled with hardwood.
They grow thickest in what are called cedar HAvan»ps, forming
for short distimces dense forests well nigh impenetrable. When
growing thickly together the wood is generally very defei^tive
and the diameter comparatively small, rarely excoe<.ling one to
two feet.

On the dry limestone hills near St. John, this species forms dense
thickets of beautifull}' pyramidal trees. It is found in greatest
abundance, as well as of the best (juality, on the Eestigouche river
and on the upper St. John. Mr. J. A. McCallum, when survey-
ing the dividing line between the counties of Victoria and Mad-
awaska, commencing about ten miles north east from the (rrand
Falls, observed thousands of co..:a'.'s which were three feet and
upwards in diameter, which i^jtH-wth extended for many miles.
When on the head of the Ee.stigouche, he also noticed great
quantities of excellent cedar.

On the north of Tobique and on Salmon river, are vast tracts
of hardwood, intermingled with the finest of cedar. The Crown
lands on the jS ictaux branch of Tobique, for many miles, are
well lined with elean and straight trees of this species, well
adapted to the manufacture of cedar sliingles or sleepers. As this

IH

Htrcam is remarkably Rm(X)th, tho&ic Iroos can bo conveyed thence
by water, very cheaply, to railway communication. The JFon-
orable Senator Ferguson, of JJatliurnt, Hays that the White Cedar
is much used in the eastern part cftho county ol" Gloucester, for
building lx)atH, that boards can be got from isix to nine inches
wide lor plaidving, and that tlic roots make excellent timl)ors,
as the}' are both light and dui-ablc. Boats made from ctMlar
also answer well.

The wood of the White (\»(hir is very soft, light and line
graine<l, of a reddish tint, and likc^ its twigs, possessed of an
agreeable aromatic odor. It is readily wrought, mid is also
very durable, being especially adapted lor fencing, Jind for such
other purposes as necessitate frequent alternations of dr^niess
and moisture. It is very largely used in the manufactui*o of
railway ties ; tour years sinc-e f)ne firm in Fredericton exported
sixty thousand sleepers, while the exports of the same article
from St. Andrews during the same year were more than double
that numbej". The principal use of this wood has been for
fencing, and for the manufacture of shingles, of which vast
quantities of excellent quality are exported from Fredericton
annuall}', many of which, however, are cut on the American
side of the St. John.

2. Toe IIed Ckdau. (Junipcnis Vir<jlnnina~L.)

This plant, as occurring in New Brunswick, is reprcFontod
only in tlie form of a low prostrate shrub, forming the variety
^' hvmiUs" of Hooker, and apiKjars to be confined for the most
part to the vicinity of the coast. It has been thus observed by
Mr. (i. F. Matthew, growing on limestone hills in St. John
county, and l)y the Rev. J. Fowler, on the sandy beaches of Eel
Eiver in liestigouche county. The hu'gor variety occurring in
New England, and attaining under favorable ciifumstances a
height of thirty or forty feet, is a tree of some importance, its
wood being light, close grained, compact and very durable, and
thei"cfore highly valued by the ship builder as well as the car-
penter, cabinet maker and turner, but if occun-ing in New
Brunswick, is not sufficiently abundant to be employed for
t^'onomic purposes.

ll'

w

3. American Yew or (tRound 1Ie.'\ilock (Ta.vus baccata,

Z., var. Canadensis.)

The Ai.icrican Yew is cvciywhci-o a low and stra<r£]:linc; or
prostrate bush, destitute of any ascending trunkj and remarkable
chiefly for the rich and deep color of its evcrt^reon foliai;'e. It
is common in N^ew Brunswick, chiefly in shady woods, but,
though possessing a heavy, tough and elastic fibre, has been but
little used.

Conclusion.

In concluding the description of the AYoods and Shrubs of
New Brunswick, it has occurred to the writers that it might and
probabl}' would bo a matter of interest to those residing at a
distance, to know the situation, quantities and cost of production
of the more ordinary' woods growing in the Province and which
now have commerci.*! value.

In as far as the Black and White Spruce are concerned they
are found growing generally at a considerable distance from
railway communication, and arc driven down small brooks into
the larger rivers and thus conveyed to the mills for manufacture.

Birch, Beech, Maple and otlier hardwoods occur abuiuiantly
near the various lines of railroad by which the Province is in-
tersected. The cost of ])roduction of Spruce logs at the City of
Saint John, is from ^7 to §8 per thousand feet, while for logs
hauled into the rivers emptying into the Gulf of St. Lawrence,
it is but from $5 to 6G.

The cost of Pine is entirely dependent on the quality.

Hard woods can be delivered in great quantities at various
railrojul stations at fi'om 8-1 to $5 per thousand feet B. m.

A very imjiortant industr}- in hard woods has been carried
071 for a length of time in New Brunswick, and is one which
may eventually develope into much larger dimensions ; it is that
of the manufacture of ship timber in the forest.

In relation to this subject, T. Cotterel, Esq., M. P. P., who has
been engaged during the past twenty-five years hi the business
of furnishing ship timber for export and home consumption,
says that the most economical method of obtaining the frame
of a ship is to mould the timber in the wooils where the tree

i

OP NEW BRUNSWICK.

39

fall.s, the montlis of Oetobei-, :N"ovcmber and Bec-ombei- Imuu;
the best time for woi-k, more cs])ecial]y as many roots are re-
quired Avhieh sliould be removed before the lieavv frosts and
deep snows set in. Timber after moiildini,^ sliould "bo moved to
yards or brows as soon as possil.lo. The expense ol' ciittini,^
down, hewing and moulding, varies aeeoi'dino- to tiiesizo of tini^-
ber. For the frame of a ship of 1,000 tons or njnvards, it will
be about $G per thousand feet l)oard measurement ; for a frame
of 300 tons or under, $8 per thousand feet.

Parties ship-building abroad, eould very easily obtain all the
hard wood timber which they might require, ]-)roperIy]iewn aud
moulded, l,y forwarding to the I'rovince, to "om potent persons,
moulds exhibiting the required size of such timbei-. Tm^^. the
transport of all unnecessary wood would l>e rvoided.

I

Ik

I

THE USEFUL MINERALS

OF

NEW BRUNSWICK,

CHAPTER I.

1.

9

METALS AND THEIR ORES.

IRON.

Bog Iron Ohe on LrMONiTE.

Parish of Burton, .Siiiibury County.
" 3raryland, York County.
Deposits of Bog Iron Ore, of gi-cator or less extent, are of not
unfroquent occurrence in :>^e\v Brunswick, tlie largest as well as
the purest beds being found in alluvion overlying the rocks of
the coal measures in Queens, Sunbury and York counties. They
are in some instances known to cover considerable areas and as
in the locality from which one of the above specimens was
taken, to attain a thickness of four or five feet, but no attempt has
hitherto been mtido to remove or smelt tbom. An anal ,- of
the oi-e from Sunbury county yielded forty-seven per cent of
metal.

Red Hematite.
1. SjKicimens of Eed Hematite (with Limonite.)
Jacksontown, near Woodsto.lc, Carleton Co., - Gi'ohgical Survey.
The Iron Ores of Woodstock were first discovered by the
geological survey cf the State of Mafne, under Dr. Chas. T. Jack-
son, as early as the year 183G, having been traced by him from
the Aroostook region in the State above named northeustwa/d
to the St. John River, and more recently to the eastward of the
I latter in several bands for a distance of'fifteen or twenty miles

42

THE USEFUL MINERALS

01* over a largo part of tho norlheni and northeastern portions
of the County of Carlcton. The prineipal locality from which
the ore ha>. boon removed is in Jac'csontown, about three and a
half miles i'rom Woodstock, and about two miles from the west
bank of the St. John Eiver. As seen at this point, the ore beds,,
portioiij of which are a true hematite while others are a hydrous
peroxide or limonite, are somewhat irre^'ularly interstratitied
with a series oJ' clay slates, usually bright red or brownish red
in the immediate jtroximity to the ore, but elsewhere of a pale
grey color, and highly inclined. Their width is from six inches
to eight feet, the averau'e thickness being about three and a
half feet and their number variable. About 40,000 tons are
said to have been smelted at the AVoodstodv works while ii.
ojieration, the resulting metal being remarkable for its great
hardness and stroP"'th, and admirably' adapted for the manufac-
tui'c of steel. It *, j .s a coi;sidcrnl)le perccnujge of man-

ganese.

COPPER.

SuLniURETS OF COPPEK.

Salmon River, Albert County. — a. Grey sulphuret of copper.
Adams Island, ( 'harlotte ( Jounty. — a. Grey sulphuret.
Grand Manan island. — a. Grey and yellow sulphuret.

Ores of Coppei', in more or less considerable quantities, have
been observed at a large number of ditt'ercnt localities in New
Brunswick. The greater portion of the:«e, as well as those which
ap]iear to be most jn'omising, are found in conacction with a
band of rock's extending along nearly the entire southern coast
of the Pi'ovince, but of which the exact ago is still undetermined.
They consist for the most part of slates of a micaceous or tal-
coid aspect and of green, reddish andjjurplish colors, but include
also many coarser beds, together with chloritic schists and dio-
rite, the copper ores being usually in veins which are calcareous
or silicious, but ' ometimes disseminated in lumps or grains in
layers of the slate, forming fahlbands. Attemjits have been
made at several points *o work these ores, but have, so ^:.r, met
only with a limited success, the mineral, though widely dis-
tributed and occasionally occurring in masses of remarkjible

richness, not appearing, so far as yet ascertained, to be anj'wlierc
sufficiently concentrated to repay the cost of its extraction. A
specimen from Salmon Eiver is said to have 3'ielded to analysis
02 per cent, of Coppei".

MANGANESE.

!)1C

]>i ACK Oxide of M^xaANESE.

Markhamville, King's (Jounty, Alfred Markhnfii, Ksq. — Speci-
mens of Pvrolusito ajid j\[an'>-anite.

Deposits of Black Oxide of ]\lan:;anese consisting chiefly of
pyrolusite but associated with more or less of manganite, are
not of uncommon occurrence in connection with the rocks of
the Lower Carboniferous formation, and have been mined to a
greater or less extent at several jooints, such as Markhamville,
Quaco and Shepody Mountain. At each of these localities the
mineral is met with i!) connection with limestones lying at or
near the base of the series, being distributed through the latter
])artly in the form of veins but chiefly in irregular masses or
"pockets," some of which are of remarkable ]>urity.

The most important deposits which are being at present
worked are those of Markhamville, under the direction of the
Victoria Manganese Company. These were first opened ir 18G3,
since wdiich time the whole amount of ore removed has been
about GOOO tons, the annual jiroduction ^varying from 500 to
15('0 tons. Owing to the distance of the mines from railway
transport, eleven miles, the ore is subject to a cartage of $.3.00
]ior ton, but notwithstanding this drawback is ])rofltably work-ed,
the price at Sussex var3-ing according to the quality, from $15.00
to $50.00 per ton.

Manganese is also met with to a limited extent in rocks more
ancient than those of the Lower Carboniferous formation, as in
slates which are probablj' of Silurian age, near Bathurst, and in
tliose of the ITuronian system in King's Count;)'^ and it is pro-
bably from these in ])art that the ores above described have been
derived as secondary products.

i

■

ANTIMONY.
Stibnite or Antimony (Ilance.

Parish of Pi'inco William, York County. — Lake Georije Mining
Company and Geolo<]ical Survey.

The occuiTcnc'c of Stibnite, or Grey Sulphurot of Antimony,
at Princ'o William, seems to have been Ivnown for a number of
years, but attracted little attention until al)out the year 18G2,
when fresh discoveries indicating a considerable body of ore
having l)oen made, several companies wei-e formed with r, view
to its dcvel<)j)mont. Through the explorations of the latter the
mineral was found to be more or less abundantly spread over
an area of several square miles, occurring chiefly in white quartz
veins or veins of quartz and spar, intersecting liard cla^ slates
and sandstones of undctei'mined age. Thoj-e veins vary in thick-
ness fjxmi a few inches to six feet, the ore being irregularly dis-
tributed tlnx)Ugh the quartz in strings or veinlets, sometimes
attaining a thickness of twelve to fifteen inches. A large ix)r-
tion of the ore hitherto raised has b'een obtained within a short
distanco of tho surface by means of trenches dug on the course
of tlie lodes, but several shafts have also been sunk, attaining the
depth of one hundred feet or more. In connection with these
on the projjerty of the Lake (leorge Mining Company, somewhat
extensive works have been erected, embracing an 80 horse-power
engine, a 30 horse-power air compressor engine, a Burleigh
stciim drill, Blake's crusher, rollers, jiggers, &c., as M'oH as fur-
naces for desulphurization and smelting. From these, when in
full operation, 15 Ions of metal were obtained about every six
woelcH^ the charges (of 500 cwt.) yielding from 45 to 55 per
cent, of regulus. The fluxes employed are charcoal, soda or salt
cake and rosin. The value of the metal on the ground is 12 to
14 cts. per lb. It is partly exporte<i in cakes or ingots to the
United States (being valued in Bost^on at $12.25 to 812.75, gold,
per ton,) and partly employed on the ground in tho manufac-
ture of Babbit Metal, (containing 15 to 20 per cent, of Antimony
with lead and tin, or in tho better qualities with lead, copj)er
and tin,) valued at from 20 to 50 cts. per pound.

OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

45

GYPSUM.

1, llillHboro, Albert County. — Albert Maniilactr ring (\)nii)any.
a. Crude Gypsiii largo block.
0. Prepared Gypyum, ground for land.
'C. " " " " stucco, raw.

d. " *' '• " " calcined.

.f*. AlabaHtei".
/. Anhydrite.
g. 4 blocks (G inch cubes) of various quiilities.

2. Petitcodiac, Westmorland Cbunty. — Amasa Brown.

a. Crude Gypsum, (fibrous.)

b. PrepmxMl " ground for land.
r. Sclenite.

3. Tobique River. Victoria County. — John Edgai-.

a. Crude Gypsum.

The deposits of Gypsum occiwring in New Brunswick arc
wholly confined to the Lower Carboniferous formation, and are
both numerous and extensive. The largest deposits at present
known are those of Ilillsboro in Albert County, where extensive
quaiTies have be^n ojxinod and whence enormous qiuintities
have been and are still being removed for calcination and expor-
tation. The mineral is usually met with in very in-egular
masses associate<l v,ith i'e<l sandstones, marls and limestones, at
or near the summit of the series, and exhibits also much diver-
sity of characters. At llillslKjro, in the quarries now being
worked, there is exposetl a total head of rock of from 90 to 100
feet, about 70 of which is composed of '-soft plaster" or true
gyi)sum, which rests on kxls of hard plaster of unknown depth.
At the same point thick masses of a vei-y beautiful snow white
alabaster are also met with associated with the varietie« named
above, but comparatively little selenite; while at Petitcodiac,
where the deposit has a brciulth of about 40 rods and a total
length of about one ndle, the whole is fibrous and highly crystal-
line, arid traversed by a vein of nearly pure selenite eight feet
wide, through its enlii'c exti^nt.

At most of the localities the deposits of gypsum are simply
emj)loyed for local use, or at most only ground for a])plicatioD

i

it

m
ml

to the land, l)iit at irillsboro oxtonsive works both for j^rindini^
and for calcination have boon oi'ectcd, and with the exception of
a whort cessation consequent upon their destruction by fire, have
been in continuous operation since the year 1861. Their
present productive capacity is about GOO bbls. per diem, .givini^
employment, in the f[uarries and mills, to about 100 hands.

The i)rice of the Ilillsboro jilaster, crude, i^round, is at present
65 cts. per l)bl. (duty free); the calcined $1.00 ])er bbl., subject,
in the United States, to a (hity of 20 ]ier cent.; that of Petit-
codiac (delivered at the station of the Intercolonial R. R.,) is
TO cts. per bbl. or 40 cts. in bulk.

The following is a statement of the work accomplished at
Ilillsboro durin£>; the season of 1875 : —

Phaster quarried, in tons, 120,000

" shipped in rock, in tons, 5,500

" fi;round and calcined in bbls., 47 200

" " for farming, •' ■• 800

Materials applicable to the Generaton of Heat and Light.

BITUMINOUS COAL.

(irand Lake (representing maximum thickness of the bed.)

(Queens and Sunbury Coal Mining (.\)mpan3'.

More than a third of the ])rovince of New Brunswick is occu-
pied by rocks of the Coal formation, which present the usual
variety of conglomerates, sandstones and nhalcs, met with in
other coal regions, together with numerous and characteristic
fossil remains. Seams of coal are also met with at various
points, but so far as at present known, ai'e all of inconsiderable
thickness, onl}' one, that of (Irand Lake, attaining a thickness
(22 — 26 inches) sufficiently great to be capable of working.
Being however, usually nearly or quite horizontal, such beds as
do occur cover consideral)le areas, and when sufficiently near the
surface arc readilv removed. For the same reason but little in-
formation can be ol)tained from the surface as to the possible
occurrence of thicker beds ])eueath, and it is necessary to
resort to borings in order to ])rove the latter. The results so
far obtained in this direction are certainly unfavorable to the

existence of any such beds, or even to the probability of any
great tliickness to the coal lorniation as a whole in this region,
but the latter being uneoni'ormable to the older l»eds upon whieli
it rests, and these being highly disturbed, ibnniiig troughs and
ridges beneath the carbouilerous roeks, it is pcjssible that the
latter may really at some points attain a lauch more consider-
able thickness and include workable beds of coal.

The only locality in which mining ojjerations for this mineral
are at present conducted, is in and about the Newcastle River
and the shores of the (Irand Lake, in (Queens County. The beds
here having a thickness of about two feet, are usually met with
within ten or lifteen feet of the surface, and have been removed
at a great number of ])oints over an area of over one hundred
square miles, indicating a total ])roductive capacity of about
154,0-18, 1-47 tons. The coal is a true liituniinous coal of the
caking variety, and is employed botli for household and black-
smiths' use. The total annual production is at ])resent about
.3000 chaldrons, which, delivered in the City of 8t. John, is sold,
according to (piality, from $1.50 to 68.00 per cluildi-on.

BITUMINOUS SHALE.

Albcri .Mines. — fholoijlcdl tiarvcy.

The Bituminous Shales or pyroschists from which the above
specimens were taken arc found at or near the base of the Lower
Carboniferous formation in Albert county, and a]-)pcar to be a
somewhat local deposit, not being represented in connection
with the rocks of the same formation in other jwrtions of the
Province. They are most conspicuous in the vicinity of the
celebrated Albert mine, near IlilLsboro', of which they form the
enclosing rocks, and thence extend in two more belts both to
the eastward and westward of that localitv, having a total length
of over fifty miles, and a thickness which is as yet undetermined.
The Shales are of a i'emarkal)ly tough, dense and fine-grained
character, with a considerable admixture of calcareous matter,
and, especially when rubbed, with a strongly l)ituminous odor.
Their inclination is at some points low, but at others highly in-
clined or even vertical, with numerous and abrupt corrugations.
It is at these latter points that they appear to be most highly

48

THE USEFUL MINERALS

bituminous, and contain voins of albortito an well as small quan-
titiot^ of petroleum.

Attcmi)tH to employ thoHc ShalcH for the manufsictiire of oiln,
have been made at various times, and somewhat extensive works
for the purpose wore erected at Baltimore, a few miles distant
from the Albert mines, but after several years, operations were
abandoned in consequence of tlie heavy import duties imposed
upon such products in tiie United States, and the (K)mpetition
with the natural oils then being developed in that country.
Their yield of oil was somewhat variable, but that of the best
bed used at JMtimorc was sixty-three gallons per ton. The
same Shales were capable of yielding 7,500 feet per ton, of gas.
In the year 1865, about 2000 tons were removed from similar
beds in the county of Westmoreland, and exporter! to the United
States, selling in that murket at the rate of $6.00 \>ev ton.

ALBERTITE.
Albert Mines. — AU)ei't Mining Company, J. Jiyers, Esq.

This jcmarkable mineral, occuring in connection with the
calcarco-bituminous shales or pyroschists above described, was
first discovered b}' accident about the year 1850, and has been
by some regarded as a true coal, by others as a variety of jet,
and by othei-s again as more nearly related to asphaltum. It
resembles the lattci' closely in appearance, being very black,
brittle and lustrous, with a broad conchoidal fi'acture, and like
asi)haltum is dastitute of structure, but differs in fusibility and
in its relation to various solvents. From the true coals it differs
in being of one quality throughout, in containing no traces of
vegetable tissues, and in its mode of occurence, whicli is that of
a vein and not that of a true bed. This vein (K-cupies an irreg-
ular and nearly vertical fissure, has a vjirying thickness of fi-om
one inch to seventeen i\yei, and has been mined to a depth of
1162 feet. The accompanying shales are in some portions
abundantly filled with the remains of fossil fishes, {Pal/i'oniscus)
and it is not improbible that it was from these, in part at least,
that the mineral was derived, existing perhaps at first in a fluid
condition (in which state it has in some instances Ijecome the
cementing material of conglomerate), and subsequently haixiened

Into its presont Jbnn. Vogetahlc remains arc almost entirely
wantin*^.

Sinee the first diseovery of the Allnu't mines, the amount of
the mineral removed and exported has heen very large, as will
appear I'rom the I'ollowing tahle.

ailll'.MKNTS OK AMIKIITITK:

In 18(5:5, 18,t](H) Tons.

" 1S(I4, 1!),3()0 "

" 18G5, 20,500 "

" 180(1, 20,500 "

- 18G7, 17,000 "

" 18G8, 12,400 "

" 18()0, 17,000 "

•' 1870.... G,000 "

'• 1871. 5,500 '•

" 1872, 5,000 ''

«' 187:J, (^000 ''

" 1871, 7,000 '*

Total, 154,800 tons.

The royally ])aid to the (iovernment upon the aljove producl,
up to the 1st of January, 18(i(], was $8,080,29. The mineral
was exporte<l to the States, ])artly for the manufaeture of oil
and ])artly for admixture with other eoals in the preparation of
illuminating gas For either of those purposes it is admirably
adaj^ted, l)eing eapaljlo of yielding 100 galUms of prude oil or
14,500 cubic feet of gas per ton, of suj)erior illuminating ])Owcr.
When eni])l()yed with other eoals it also leaves as a residuum
a valuable coke. The price at which it has been sold has varied
at difterent periods from ^15,00 to $20,00 (gold) per ton. The
number of men at present emplo3ed in connection with the
works is about 120. The freight to Boston is $2.00 oi- to St.
.John $1.00 per ton.

Minerals applioaule to Common and Decorative Con-
struction.

BUILDING STONES.

Syenite. — St. George, Charlotte County.

(/. A foot cube of red syenite, dressed and polished. — Bay of

Fundy Red Cranite Company.

50

TUB UHEFUr SIINKRALS

(rranite. — llniri]ist('iul, Qmvns Coiiiif y. — (feoloi/icnf Snrrfy.
(I. A foot cnhe oi' graniti', divssod nnd ])(»lisli('(l.

(Jmnitos iirid HveiiiteM, of hovoijiI dillcront shades of color and
varictien of fcxtiiro, occm* in Now JiniiiHwii'lc and cover oxlrn-
sivo areas. Tliev are niosllv if not uliollv of intrusive oiiijin.
l)iit appeal' to represent at least two very distinct ])erio(ls of in-
trnsion. the rocks of the one, churacterized, usutdiv. hv j:rev an<l
dark grey colors, and containing more or less honddentle and
not untre(iuent!y nnignetic oxi(h» of iron disseminated in grains,
having heen probably intruded at least as early as" the Lower
.Silurian era ; while the other, varying from [)ale pink to tawny
yellow or hi'ight re 1 and usually more or less j)or[)hyritii', is
])rohahly of Devonian age. U ji-k.s of both these types _\ i<'ld
good building materials, but it is in the huterthat the ])rincipal
(piarries have been opened. Until recently the grey jock alone
was removed and was simj)ly employed within the Province lor
ordinary constructive jiurpose.-*, bnt the introduction of proces.MOs
for poli.shing such rocks, together with a growing demand for
brightly colored granites similar to those of Scotland, causc'l
attention to be directed to the quarrying and mannfactme
the red variety. Of this, extensive beds, forming a ])ort ion ..
the Ncre])is range of hills, occur in the County of (Charlotte, and
have been opened in the vicinity of the town of 8t. (Jeorge, on
the iMagaguadavic River. There is here ever}' facility for the
removal and woi'king of the stone, blocks of any size up to thirty
or forty feet in length anil tour or tive in thickness, being easily
obtainable, while in the falls of the stream above mentioned is
an almost illimitable water ])ower, available at all seast»ns for its
transport and manufacture. AVorks erected at this spot about
throe or four yoixva ago by the Bay of Finidy IJed Granite Co.,
now give emj)loyment to about 110 men, the water power at
present in use, with a single wheel, being equal to al)0ut 240
horse power.

SANDSTONES.
1. Budroau Village, Parish of Dv^rchoster, Westmoreland. — Dor-
chester Union Freestone Co.

a. Two 1-fbot cubes of sandstone dressed.

"■mm

iffliiniiiri

or sv.w iHtiNswrcK.

I

2. JJtM'klnJiil, J)()fcli(»'<t(*:'. — Calo l<»ni:i Ki-cc-itDiM' Coinjiniiv.
(I. Two loot ('u!km of sandstone. dr('s.-*i'»l.

ii. .Man's IV)inl, lloju'wcll.- Allto!'!. — Mc-isrs. HoIktIs ^V Co.
I. Slu'j)o(ly .Moun'. IIi»i);«\vi'lI. AllxM-t. — I]o;)('\V('II (^^itiin-y Co.

Tlio H])(.M'inu'ns from tlic al>o\e l()calili(»s, I — {. aiv all dorivfil
IVonitho Mill, slono (li'it ((»i')naiion. or lowor incMulxM'of llio triu'
Carlioniroroiis system as i'('[)i\'«(«nto:l in New I'lnnswicU ami
Nova Si'otiji. Tliissloiu. commonly known in tin- I nitt'il Slates
Jis Xova .Scotia stone, lias I»ceji lonu; known and liii!.ldy pri/.cd,
the Bndrcan (|ii:in'ics liavini;' been Hrst opiMied in llu- \cai' |V,")(i,
since Avliicli time tliciv lias lieon shi|)])e 1 Irom thai loce'ily an
aimual amount ol'lVom ."iDlIO to 70110 Ions. The Caledonia (piar-
i"ie-; we"e lirsl opeiu' 1 i)i ISI) I- and n(^w ship annually" iVom 4000
to (JO!).) tons, while la:'i;"e (|na!iti!ie.-. .'i:-e ai»i» -fcmDve I lV(»m Ihe
othei" localiti(>s menlionc'd ;;ho\-c.

T1k> parlicula;' (piaiilies To:' which tliese stones are j»i'i/ed are
Iheii" e!)!oi'. Ihe facility with wliicdi th(\\' mtiy he cnl. dressed or
or]ianie:ited. and thei:- dn:ai>ilit\'. Tiie preva.ilini'' coloi- in the
Dorchester (piarries is ti yellowish or olive i^'rey, shading on the
one hand into a cliocolale hrown and on the othei" into a hhiish
grey, while! vA .Mr.ry's Point a ])ortion of tne rock- is a pale. j)!i;-
])lish red. tlu' latter heing the most ahundant and njost duiahh-.
The workahle heds vary ironi two to six feet in thickness, and
hlocks can readily he ol)tained of any size n]> to a length of
ViO feet 01- a weight of 20 tons. As u rule thev contain little or
no pyrites, and after sca.soning by wetting and exposniv. are lui-
atlected 1»\' frost. I'ortions of the rock also yield good <^rind-
stones, being moderately soft but "with a clear sharp grit.

The price of the ordinary building stone averages in lioston
$15.00 (gold) per ton (=17 feet.) the freight being $2.50 to
S4.00 per ton, and the duty 31.50.

uli

k-

ADVERTISEMENTS.

1

WM. PARKS & SON,

MANi-K/cnn Ki:i<s ok

5,

&c.,

&c.

SAINT JOHN, NEW BRUNSWICK,

C AX All A.

Saint Martins Bobbin and Spool Co.,

M;iii','.f;ii:tmcrs of c\eiv ilesciiptimi <if

BOBBINS, SPOOLS,

BruBU Htock, 1!assel aiid But ton Moulds,,
WOOD TURNING, FURNITURE AND GENERAL WOOD WORK.

^^i^. Mart in. s, ,Yew Tlruvsiricli,

JAS. PATTINSON', Manager.

MANt i AC 1 1 Ki-:i;s (>!■

!K0^iW^

',m

a — =SI

"r-tnjK'rtjiHy

:s

ALL CilXDS OF SHOE XASLS. TA^'KS Ai^■fiI> IU!AOS.
ALSO, PATENTEFS OF FOSTER'S AUTOMATOM FIRE-FRGOF SHUTT££<S.

ADVEIITIHE.MENT.

AIANUFyYCTURl'S

OK ini:

MISPECK MILLS,

SAINT JOHN, NEW IJRUNSWICK,

^^jA-HM^

ISPECK FINGERSNG

AND OTHER SUPERIOR

KMITTIDII^ YARMS^

3 AND 4 l'I,V, [N AIJ. ril!-: USUAL COLORS, MANUFACTURED

FROM TIMC F.ICST NaTIVIC WOOLS, AN]) WARRANT-

I'.D TO 15K EQUAL IN DURABILFFV TO ANY

Ya RN MAN UFACTURED.

1^-

•

1^

\V1IICH ILWE ATTALNED THE. VERY HIGHEST
CHARACTER THROUGHOUT THE

MARITIME PROVINCES.

J. L. WOODWOKTII. AsenU

SAINT JOHN, N. B.

•eg^j—rr

A ._l_l L.

' I'.U J JIJ

1^

ADVKUTrSEMENT.

s^^iisTT crosinsr

lo:

I I

eizisg

Salesroom-83 PEINCE WM. STEEET,
SAINT JOHN, N. P.

WILSON, GILMOUR & CO,

CO

OS

<
g

i

MANl'I'ACTUREKS (jK

Marbleized Slate Mantles

AND DKAI.EKS IN

COOKING, HALL AND PARLOR STOviiS,

Rfgister Grates, Ranges, &c.
ThG CELEBEATED MEDALLION POETABLE EANGE a Specialty.

ADVERTISEMENT.

Not a Centennial, but only Ten years.

MANCHASTER,

ROBERTSON

& ALLISON

('oninienced business in ;i small store, only ten feet wide, on
Prince W'm. Street, St. John, New IJrunswick. Their importations
at that time consisted chiefly of the finer classes of l)ry-(loods,
making- a specialty of Silks, Velvets, Irish I'oplins, Shawls, Real
Laces, French Kid (llovos and (lentlemen's Furnishing (ioods.

'I'heir goods gave such great satisfaction, that at the end of one
year they were obliged to remove to more extended ])remises, on
the Market Sijuare, wliere they remained six years, and three years
ago took possession of their j^resent l^stablishment, on King Street.
The building is forty feet front, one hundred feet deep, and four
stories liigh, the two lower flats of which are occupied for the
Retail branch of their business.

Their Stock, which is personally selected by the firm, consists of
a general assortment of First-class

D IR^^ GI-OOI3S,

Millinery, Fancy Goods,

Gentlemen's Furnishing Goods, &:c.

The Manufacturing Departments

ON THE PREMISES ARE

Dress, Costume and Mantle Making,

Millinery and Shirts.

^^All of which are under experienced management.

SAINT JOHN, NEW BRUNSWICK,

MAY 1870.
THE YEAR OP THE CENTENNIAL.

5r

<^ ►

4H)

ADVERTISEMENT.

TBEE C..^LEIDOnsri-i^

1

f lie Stsa© ^mmj Oempany,

N

, on
ions
ods,
leal

<
, 1

»

ROCKLAND, WESTMORLAND COIM Y,

1

jsijijvv Jfiieu isjfcjvvxcjii.-

1
i
1

HEAD OFFICE IN MONTREAL.

one

;

:.aifeai)C&<aBnm

, on
eai's

THOMAS CRAMP, Esq., Prcsidont.

eet.

i

1

DTRF.CTORS:

four
the

sof

1

1

1

i

i

C. J. 1)RVI)(;ks, Esq. Ai.kx. Moi.sun, ivstj.
Thos. Woi.fkrston I'homas, Esq. John Moi.son, 1<:so.
Frank Bond, Esq. l".. A. Hond, Esq.
Kknnkth McI'^ea, Esq. T. W. !)ami:i,, Esq.

John r»!»v!), ICs<j.

7Vic Stone fomr this Quarry is of a pure olive
shade, Jine even grain, and has fan nd very vinch favor

\

C.

^

in the markets of New York, Boston and other Cities.
It has given general satisfaction, and stands almost
nnrivalled for its many points of excellence.

Orders for any qnantity filled with promptness and

s.

despatch, on application to

THOMAS ]!I. lIju'MEilLVIEn rTlniia^JTcr,

... ,. .... 4b i

c'oio^^,

J

ADVKKTJSK.MENTS.

MlBrtMaifitnriiCoiaDf

HILLSBOROUGH, ALBERT CO.

^EW KBMXSWIt'K.

JOS. .T. TOMKINS, General Agent.

^Munufiictinx'r.s and Dealers in

C-A-LCIlSrElID

OF PAir

liiy)

-AND

GROUND FARMERS' PLASTER.

The niaunfacturcs of this company arc well and favor- j
ably known throughout the United States, and the Plaster
of Paris used in the interior decorations and finish of the
Ccntcnuial Manorial Hall, at Philadelphia, was supplied by
this company through Messrs French, Richards & Co.,
Philadelphia.

.a,

M

ADVEIITFSE.MKNTS.

JAMES. S. MAY,

84 FE»iiaGe ¥5riIISa,2n Sfreet^

SAINT JOHN, N. B.

IMI'()KTK!l O;"

t uf Ella

m

EfLISH k SCOTCH SUITIfS

MADK ri' IN Till; I.ATKST

L0ND9N AND NEW YORK STYLES.

%^Spcciiiiciis of my r>iaiiufacturc arc now on Jix/alnlion
at Philadelphia.

N. B.— As I employ a large number of first-class workmen I am
l)repared to execute orders for the travelling public at the shortest
possible notice.

I

FAIRBANKS & HAWES,

f

7

OOD

.OULDING

«(

XD

LANING

y J

^

ILL,

PORTLAND, SAIXT JOHN, N. B.

Every description of finish recjuired in House or Ship work,
Stair Railing-, Newal Posts, Stair Banisters a,nd all kinds oi
Wood Turning.

All kinds of Job Snwinj^', Planing, .Jig Iland-Sawing, Doors, Sashes and

Blinds made to order. Black Walnut, Black Ash, Pino and

Spruce Lumber for sale and cut to order.

A

m.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

I3VE

Seeaeiy d lew

mm

i3sr

101 GERMAIN STREET, opposite TRINITY CHURCH,

SAINT JOHN, N. B.
TROUT AND SALMON FLIES FOR CANADIAN WATERS, TIED BY A PRACTICAL FISHERMAN.

COPPE

NES

— C) V —

h-f-

TETE,

Ch

AP^LOTTE LOUNTY,

iTE^w E:RXJ3srs-\^ic:K:.

200 ucrcH of Coppor (Jlaiiu shewing qnartx Lead of 4 foot

8 inches wide, and cross seam from 1 to 0 feet sul2)hatc of
Copper. Specimens now on cxliibition at Centennial.

For sale, api)ly to

James McLean, Le Etetc.

James C. Madigan, Iloulton, Maine.

Tiio.MAs JR. Jones, St. John, N. B,

STEREOSCOPIC VIEWS. |

These A'iciws have taken first ])renn*ums Mdierever shown,
'^riiey embrace (he most prominent ])oints of intei'est, and objects
of great natural beauty, from u wider field than ever before
attempted. $1.50 j)er dozen. Trade supplied.

PORTRAIT PHOTOGRAPHS.

Card and Cal)inet Photogniphs a specialty. Extreme care by
skillful artisls has l)een the cause of our great success in this
departnient. Our prices are the most liberal known.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

it

..

1828. EST-A-BLISHEID 1828.

J. HARRIS & CO.f

SAINT JOHN, N. B.

m mmi Fim Si mmi m mil

Manufacturers of all kinds of

J

STEAM ENGINES & MILL MACHINERY,

THE IMPROVED LOWELL TURBINE WATER WHEELS.

SHIPCASTINGS, AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS

ItAIMVAV VAKS OF LVUKV I)i:S<-|eil*TIO.\, (AK M IIKIILS.

PORTLAND ROLLING MILL, Straight Shore, Portland,

Tapered and Paralled Bars for ships' Knees, Nail Plate,

Hammered Railway Oar Axles, Shafting, and

Shapes of all kinds.

J. R. GAMBROn & GO.^

WHOLKSAI.E AND KKTAU. DftAl.lCKS IN

)}

I

m

I

3S PRINCE WILLIAM STREET,

(Snnd'H Areatlr,)

Saint John, N. B.

SATnT JOHN LAST FACTORY,

KSTABLISHKD 1848.

Manufacturers of

Boot Trees, Crimps and Lasts

of all kinds. Wholesale and Retail.

Office and Factory,— St. Patrick Street, near Union St.,
s-A.i3srT cronnsr, 3sr_ b.

CLERKE & CO.

A nVKRT I sr, MKN'TS.

1

r Bji^i

p.

Ill ^'WAYlBLlY"IClIJSi,

THIS II0V8E HAH BKKV PATHONMZfllt I!V

il. II. H. rHiNC'K OE Walks, II. K. H. Pnr.Nci: ALriiKi), H. 11. IT. I'imnck Ai;tiilii.

I'yall tlic British A-.m-riiiiii (idvcrums, and liy the Kii;;lisli Nobility

and (Jonhy, as vvidl as by the most distinnni.sbcd .\ni:ii(;uiSj

rrovini-ial (Icvitry and otlurs, whom Inisincss or

l)h-asui-L' may havo ludnjiiit t<» St. John.

WHO iiAvi: .K)ixi:ii ix I'ltoNouxfixo ir

THE FAVORITE HOUSE OF THE PROVINCES.

_ The Proiirii'ti)!-. l!i;inkf'iil l"ori':i'^t I'mvih-s. wxuM ri'spcctfiilly intiiiriio f'> llx; Trinel-
litiK I'ublici thai lit- will .sjiaru no i);iin.H or oxiieiiso to reiHlortlie Hon.-c still lurllicr
doscivinj? their imlronuire.

JOHN GUTHRIE. Proprietor.

R O YA L HO T E L , ~

146 Prixace WilliasiSL Sti^©et^

Opposite Custom House, ...

ST- vTOSIlsr^ DNT-- B-

T. F. RAYMOND, Proprietor.

DiNGEE SCRIBNER,

M.VXVI'.UTl'iiKR 01-'

SALiMOIff and TROUT RODS^

SALMON AND TROUT FLIES,
CASTING LINES, LANDING NETS, GAFFS, &C.

IMPORTER AXI) DEALKR IX

FLY BOOKS and EEELS OF THE MOST APPEOVED PATTERNS,

And every outtit necessary for Sportsmen.

Waterloo Street, - - St. John, N. B.

Trout and Salmon Rons made to order and repaired at short notice.

ADVKUTISE.MENTS.

'i

P

VIVIAN W. TIPPET,

OMMTSSTON MeRCHANT,

AK D —

GICNERAL DI'ALI'R.

OFFOSXTJS I?BOJ?I-,ES' B-A.IT-K:,

FredericLon, N. B.

KENET GESNDOIT TIPPET,

coMMisEi ¥mim m mwmm mn

17 WATER STREET,

LIVERPOOL.

ll('|inscnti'(l ill St. .lolin. N. 15., liy

A!tTm;u r. TiiM'KT.

ARTHUR Pu TIFFlSTp

Manufacturers' and Importers' Agent

A N I)-

B IR o I?: IC K,

OFFICE AND SAMPLE ROOM:

5 MARKET SQUARE, ST. JOHIl N. B.

THE DAILY TELEGRAPH,

Cr-<5-- -A. 3Sr ID ^^;iD

w1':kkly t1':li^:graph,

Arc by far the most widely circulated papers in the Mari-
time Provinces, and are found in nearly every town and
settlement in New l^runswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince
ICdward Island, as well as in other parts of Canada, and in
the principal Atlantic cities and towns of the United States.
The City circulation of the Daily Telegraph is larj^er than
the total issue of several Maritime Dailies. The postage
paid by the Daily aniAVkkkly Tki/kgrai'H sent by mail,
as appears by the Official Report, is nearly as much as that
paid by all the other papers in St. John, fourteen in
number.

THE DAILY TELEGRAPH is published every day
except .Sunday, at St. John, New Brunswick, and will be
sent by mail, post paid, at 50 cents a month, or $6 a year,
in ad\ance. To pastors of Churches, teachers, postmasters,
and telegraph operators, the DAILY Teliccjraph will be
mailed, or delivered by carriers, at a discount from the above
rate.

THE WEEKLY TELEGRAPH is published at
$1.20 a year, in gold, in advance. It is xw^iWcd, postage paid,
to the United States for $1.50 U. S. Currency.

These papers furnish the

Best Advertising Medium in the il/faritime Prouinces.

Advertisements are Inserted at the Most Moderate Rates.

For terms and other particulars apply to

WILLIAM ELDER,

£(1itor and Proprietor,

ST. JOHN, N. B.

:aph,

H.

n the Maii-
■ town and
md Prince
ad a, and in
itcd States,
larj^er than
"he postage
:nt by mail,
uch as that
burteen in

I every day
nd will be
$6 a year,
ostniasters,
MI will be
the above

blished at
tagc paid,

roumces.

ktes.

ietor,

HN, N. B.

/■

XIW HHUNflWICRM WOOD TKOPHT I

For tb« C'tlonlal au«f Imllin f xtatblllOB,

aowou ¥irw»t Mvavra. Ho***** Ware*

jr4ioui«-AClr«»t liiiae«aaAitl«llcal<

If and Otli«rwl»e«

If 0D« may jadge by the Dumeroua ezoIamationB
of larpria* aod pl«aiure from tha visitora at
Meaara. Uowe'a warerooma on Saturday as the
wood trophy wa4 noaring oompletion.it is undoubt-
edly a aaooeaa both artiatioally and from a more
practical commercial poiot. It will no doubt
form

THE CHIir flATUKI

in the New Branawiok diaplay at the exhibitioo.

1 Much nocertaioty waa felt aa to the effect of thia
ondertaking, bat it is gratifying t > note that it
has Burpaaaed the most aaoguine cxpectationa. A
more pleasing oombination of nature and art could
not be well derised, considering the limited grant
and the ahortneaa of the time allowed for comple-
tion. It has alao been an object in thia caee to

I economii3 apace and the largest diaplay baa been
made in the amallest apace possible, endeavoring
to combine every natural condition of the wood as
well as every artificial applic&tion.

THR UAIX PORTION Or TBI TRorHT

embraces all the larger or commercial wooda,
which are sufficieotly abundant to form an import-
ant item for trade. These are divided into three
seotioBB. Tho right wins comprises the evergreen

orooDiferous specimens, inoludiog hemlock, red
and whtto tiine, blaoK and white epruod, haoBm%<
tack, cedar aod fir. The central ssotiun ta m'ido
up ot the dense woudd.Buoh as the biMck and wnue
birob, rook and Bcarlet maples and l>eech. The left
wing oonststd ot black and white aib, red and Rray
oak.elm.butterout, bass wood and poplar. At the
baeeot each of these fifteen large pauels there i» a
log of the same wood, 20 ir cbes in diameter and S
feet 1 ioch in height, whiio tho sides of tho panels
are formed of eapliiiKS or jouog treeti of tho same
woods, retting upon turned bases and suruiouuted
by oirved oapituli represetitiog tho foliage nnd
truit or iower of these trefis. These aKain a'O sur-
mounted by a scroll saw and carved brhckct, all of
the same wood as correvpondiLg panoU
Between tho large panels and iha loan an innltn.

oq %ovi £vm jy 'ilio^W i^ Vjain»o«jna«m ojn^m

-jnj 'oMOH 'a *f V "f '8J899K )o ;aamq9yq«}83 oqt

0} onp Bi •aojionj'jsaoo pas uaisap oqi bb hsm sb

•vaanTSiDiKO aHi

'M'm sBii^ pa« siivQ ooneiMBq

•ao9i88oH nqof 'jaiai^ -j uimph »» '''°^®5i

ojB 'giffjj Sanoi JO 'samnjoo oqi io aoiuod jaaan

oni DO Bi'BjiiiBO paAiBO oi)X 'spooM nvnii wqi JO

,Al*m p9-,nqtJiaoo '^inooo HiOA 'ao""""'""*^? *<*

■F

A.»».»T»»nmr Ji.'Af WP

w.

^

i

paneTf is framMl with dtrips sbowing tba brnix
Md the coruetd aro '.ranaverso feotiunn fbowiov
lh« end grain. Tie aim of tb« whole do&iiCQ la to

SHOW THiVooOaW ALL r"«MJ,

*■' which will intereat practioalwoc^-wo^re: -h«rf- .
fore the ocmbinfttloa in the large panels bLows
the slash and rift of the grain, as well as an end
lection showing the density of the grain,
anoual growth, depth of sap. bark. eio. These
last named sections or quarters shown at tha base
of tlie panel) also oonvty a better Idv^a of the sisa
of the growib of these woor'.i oeioit taken from
more fully developed trees.

The cornios which sarmounts these panels forma
a very pleasing feature in the struntare. and i»
compoeed principall.v of bark and specimens of
eacb wood in mouldings. Above the central reo-
tion is placed a poplar board with <)boDized letteia
bearing the woriJa "Woods of New Brun8wioT»
Canada." The whole of *be top will be surmount-
ed by

STUPPKD SPKOIUSNn OF THI BEST 0A,KB:

of our forests, which is now beicg prepared by Mr.
J. II. CarneH. A fine moose bead will ornament
the centre, with a cariboo bead on the- right wine a
and a red deer bead on the left wing. Foxe^i, I
coons, beaver, porcupine, partridge, etc., f
are to be added. All of the panelo, as '
well aa much of the eurroundintr woodwork,
have been highly polished, fho^ing the j
oap»bilitiea of the woods in their different appii-
oations in the arts and manufactures. i

An important point in the close grained woods,
and those free from rebinons tendetciss, is their
adtiptabiltty for stalling, and, to illustrate this, i
obltqae oars havo be«n stained across the tops, i
showing the efiT^sct of satin wood, cherry, mahog-
any, walnut, rosowood and ebony stains.

OTUEH DECORATIONS* j

The foliage, llowers and fruit have been beauti-
fully painted on both large and Emill paccia, by Mr |
John C. Miles. A>R C.A„andthework does bim in-
finite credit.althouRh laboring under numerous dis-
advantages as to hurried work and diUioulty ia ob-
taining appropriate spectmous to work from.
This tormx the most attractive feature, from an
'^rtiHtio point of view, and will be a very valuable
<^«dditiou in other wax's. iSo near do the rictures.
S^DProach nature that many have expresi^ad doubts
^as to their being painted, and thought them the

j^lriKinal foliage.
^f^ y.eeara Geo. F. Matthew and Oao. U. liar, of
7 t]?o Natural Uiatory tioaiety of New Urunawiok,
jTendcrtd vulpable assistance in the botai.ical ar-
a^ngpmeats, etc-, while thn society kindly loaned
I /bo floral f peoiinens. Mr. Jaa. IS. Wetmore alBUk
touned his large private Rollection and otberwiire
4«£isted with valuable information. Foveral of
tjkeJoKB for tne base wero obtained !jy Mr. Gabriel i
S^fritt, of Moss Glen, Kinna county, showing that '
at'Jne fine timber atill esis'8 in the viciriity of this •
city. Mr. Thoe. OrothorR, of Tipper Gigotown,
Q..63ns county, secured tlio bandsomu tpecimcns
. of cak. flui and many of the (mailer woods. SAr.
Alex. Henderson, furniture mauufaatiirer, of
Woodgto6l!,Carleton tC.aiso obtained somo good
BamolAf).

t

-c^ci:

(

out of place to mention that the grftDt wMnl, ».„
made jointly by the dominior andKl iovaTn
ments. was on y sufficient to cover the cost ot«rS"

Therefore the work Uisy be condiored a donatmn
from Mefsra Howe, who hiive spared no Da?n« n^
?*P«^ise to insure the bast resul a and hpvl ufu'
ized the best talent in every dejrrtment Th;
firm expref 8 thenofelves as aost gratXd a»Th'

?„?»f ''^'"^«»'«*n by all interested in endcaVoi!
inK to make it worthy ol the province Tni «. „ u
ored t cannot be given to Hon Mr! Blair and ^S'*
local Bovernmert for the spiriSd way in ihi«K
they undertook this work even before aMfs^»i«^
WM seoarid from the dominion government °'''

T-^TTi 99u <^^4 (/^<

\Mn.(Jr:k ^>^M<^,